Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae on Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian monitieteinen julkaisusarja. Sarjan ensimmäinen numero näki päivänvalon marraskuussa 2022. Jatkossa lehti ilmestyy journal.fi-alustalla avoimena verkkojulkaisuna kaksi kertaa vuodessa. Julkaisu edistää tieteidenvälistä vuoropuhelua ja välittää tietoa ajankohtaisista tieteellisistä kysymyksistä ja uusista haasteista. Sarja suuntautuu laajalle yleisölle: Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian jäsenistön, heidän ulkomaisten kollegoidensa ja eri alojen tutkijoiden ohella kohderyhmänä ovat kaikki tieteestä ja tutkimuksesta kiinnostuneet. Annales on vertaisarvoitu, monitieteinen ja monikielinen. Sarja valottaa tieteen ja sen tekemisen luonnetta maailman ymmärtämisessä. ISSN-tunnukset: ISSN 2953-9048 (print) ISSN 2954-1050 (online)
Copyright (c) 2025 Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Hyvinvointivaltio - kansallinen projekti?
The welfare state is talked about much more in today’s Finland than when it was built. It is described as a national achievement threatened either by globalization and neoliberalism or by an ageing population and government indebtedness. In fact, even in the Nordic countries, the welfare states were not born as the result of clear-cut national project plans, but as the combined result of conflicting interests and knowledge-based planning. Institutions of national compromise and solidarity emerged in societies that were highly dependent on exports and world markets and vulnerable to global economic cycles and crises, and in a world of struggling societal systems. Global economic competition and threats to security and living conditions have made it topical to problematize the democratic nationalism inherent in the Nordic-type welfare state.
Revealing speech perception in the newborn brain with the means of mismatch negativity
One of the most demanding tasks of infants is to learn to speak. The efficiency of infants in this task, typically uttering their first words in a year, has puzzled scientists. The neural mismatch negativity (MMN) or mismatch response (MMR), elicited even in inattentive participants, has illuminated these processes. MMR studies have shown that already at birth, the principal adult-like auditory speech decoding abilities exist. This enables the neonatal brain to, for instance, categorize speech sounds and detect word boundaries, permitting efficient language acquisition. MMR studies have also illuminated perceptual deficits in newborns at risk for developmental disorders of language.
The Death and Afterlife of Literary Genres
This paper explores the death and afterlife of literary genres. We ask what steps the final phase of the literary life cycle of genres, after the assumed stages of rise and peak, might include and whether that process is irreversible. The traditional biological and evolutionary models of literary history are challenged by the metaphorical understanding of generic death. We consider the differences between natural and literary forms of death, and then explore the literary transience of one specific genre, Arthurian romance, by bearing in mind that literature is a tradition-sustaining form that can return like a ghost to life again.
Kostomuksha is the largest post-war Finnish construction export project. Several books have been written about the history of the Kostomuksha mine industries and mining town in the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. These books are related to President Kekkonen, the project's leaders and responsible companies, Finland’s relations with the Soviet Union and east-trade, as well as to Finnish construction exports, the business history of Kainuu, and the life of a workers on a construction site. One important part of the Kostomuksha narrative has been missing: a large city was planned and constructed, but there is no information anywhere about who designed the city. I became interested in the matter when I repeatedly looked at a picture of the signing situation of the project in 1977 (above). The negotiators were presented with 10 folders of material related to the planning. Where can I find those folders? Who planned the city? Are the master plans and town plans, building drawings, terrain and landscape plans stored and archived somewhere? When I started writing, it turned out that finding design materials was not an easy task. This article is a story about the joys of discovery and success. Something had been preserved, after all! The Kostomuksha construction looked like a planning game. It turned out to be a multi-level project in which two political systems were intersected: western and eastern, socialist and capitalist urban planning.
Lääketiedettä englanniksi yli 700 vuotta: latinan varjosta tieteen lingua francaksi
English medical writing across seven centuries Vernacular medical writing is discussed in a diachronic perspective with illustrations from original texts. Medieval texts of learned origin show features of scholasticism with references to authorities and absolute certainty, while remedybooks use simple language. In the early modern period observation replaced language as the source of knowledge. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1665-) created the new style of writing in accordance with empiricism and a tentative mode of knowing. The eighteenth century brought increasing professionalism, institutionalization and specialized journals. The status of English as the lingua franca of science is fairly recent.
AASF:n vuoden 2024 toisessa numerossa on sekä tuttua että uutta. Tuttuun tapaan numerossa on artikkeleita eri tieteenaloilta, niin tunnetuilta huippututkijoilta kuin tällä kertaa erityisen ilahduttavasti myös nuorilta tutkijoilta Nuorten Tiedeakatemiasta. Tässä numerossa on toisena uutuutena osasto ”Keskustelua”, minkä toivomme innostavan kommentointiin ja uusiin keskustelunavauksiin.
Copyright (c) 2024 Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Onko suomen kielen sanasto poikkeuksellisen omaperäistä?
Lauri Hakulinen kirjoittaa tunnetussa oppikirjassaan Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys, että suomen kielen sanasto on etymologiselta koostumukseltaan poikkeuksellisen omaperäistä. Vain viidesosa tai vähemmän on osoitettavissa lainaksi muista kielistä. Koska luonnollisen kielen sanasto on avoin systeemi, sitä voi analysoida vain otostutkimuksen perusteella. Jos tutkimuksen kohteeksi otetaan keskeisimpään sanastoon sisältyvät sanavartalot, saadaan tulokseksi, että vartaloista noin puolet on lainoja. Vastaavanlaisia tuloksia on saatu myös sukukielistä. Näin ollen ei ole mitään syytä pitää suomen kielen sanastoa etymologiselta rakenteeltaan mitenkään poikkeuksellisena.
The Ad Hoc Assembly of the ECSC parliamentarians drafted a constitution for the planned European Political Community in 1953. The Draft Treaty, preceded by intense parliamentary-style debates in the Assembly, proposed a supranational parliamentary government. French National Assembly rejected the Draft in 1954. My debate analysis in the book At the Origins of Parlamentary Europe. Supranational parliamentary government in debates of the Ad Hoc Assembly for the European Political Community in 1952–1953 (2024) indicates, nonetheless that the proposed supranational parliamentary government was a major political novelty and that a parliamentary route for the European integration could have been possible.
perustuslakiluonnos Euroopan poliittiselle yhteisölle
ylikansallinen parlamentaarinen hallitus
Yliopistopedagogiikka yliopistojen strategisen kehittämisen ytimessä
University pedagogy, in other words, research on teaching and learning at university is a relatively new discipline which is multidisciplinary by nature and draws its rich theoretical and methodological basismainly from psychology as well as from educational and social sciences. In addition, the contexts of study broaden the multidisciplinarity by collecting empirical evidence on factors contributing to high-quality learning outcomes, which is important. Research results often make intuitivesense and can even sound self-evident, but it is important to generate empirical evidence to confirm teachers’ instincts. However, empirical evidence can also reveal complicated inter-relationships or even counter-intuitive aspects, which need to be taken into account when making strategic decisions concerning the future of universities.
Akateeminen johtajuus etenee murroksesta toiseen
This article explores the disruptions that occur throughout an academic leader’s career and the self-management skills necessary to navigate these transitions. Academic leadership in universities is unique, often involving the challenge of leading independent, critically thinking individuals who may resist being led. Additionally, the individualistic nature of academic merit systems can sometimes complicate the leadership of collaborative efforts. Focusing on the early stages of leadership, particularly the transition from researcher to group leader and beyond, we examine the characteristics of academic leadership at different career phases. Using Bolman and Deal’s (2017) framework, we analyze academic leadership from multiple perspectives: organizational, human resources, political and symbolic. We hope this article sparks further discussion on academic leadership and provides early career researchers with insights to better prepare for evolving leadership roles.
Vuorovaikutuskompetenssin rooli videovälitteisessä yhteistoiminnassa
Video-mediated interaction has been increasingly studied during the past decades. Empirical research that uses qualitative methods and draws on recorded data from authentic situations (e.g., workplace meetings and online classrooms) has shown that these environments are very complex and present challenges (e.g., in turn-taking) but also provide unique affordances for organizing interaction. Most recent research has highlighted participants’ situated conduct (i.e., talk, embodied actions, use of digital resources) and interactional competence as key for the smooth unfolding of interaction and accomplishment of collaborative activities. More research is still needed to substantiate context-specific practices.
Ilmakehän pienhiukkasten muodostumisen merkitys ilmastolle ja ilmanlaadulle
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are increasing. However, the total effect of ecosystems on climate is more complex than just the carbon balance. Ecosystems have a key role in aerosol formation in the atmosphere, which significantly contributes to the radiative balance. Without aerosols, there are no clouds or rain, and aerosols reflect part of the incoming solar radiation back to space, cooling the atmosphere. We established the SMEAR stations 25 years ago, to provide open comprehensive data. We would need similar comprehensive observations from different ecosystems globally, both for properly understanding the full climate forcing and for solving the global environmental challenges.
From respiratory supercomplexes to megacomplexes
Cellular energy is produced in mitochondria by respiratory enzymes in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Respiratory enzymes are large proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane which can occur either as individual enzymes or organize into larger assemblies called super- and megacomplexes. Originally, supercomplex organization was not generally accepted, but nowadays, their existence is clear. However, the functional aspects are still in the dark. In this overview, we will briefly touch upon the history of super-complex research, the variation of the supercomplex compositions and shed light on the challenges of studying their functional aspects.
OECD:n ohjeiden kasvava merkitys kansainvälisessä verotuksessa
The development of international tax law is increasingly based on different OECD models and guidelines. Originally OECD models and guidelines were followed only as recommendations, but more and more often they are implemented as binding EU directives or domestic legislation. This development raises difficult issues of application and interpretation. This article discusses the changing status of the OECD guidelines and the application and interpretation issues related to the development. The issues are illustrated using transfer pricing adjustment provisions and the provisions concerning minimum taxation of large groups of companies as examples. The author concludes that despite difficult interpretation and application issues, there are good reasons to implement OECD models and guidelines in the European Union in the form of binding EU Directives.
kansainvälisen verotuksen legitimiteetti
Philip W. Anderson: monipuolinen ja poikkeuksellinen tiedemies
Philip Warren Anderson, PWA, oli 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskon suurimpia teoreettisia fyysikkoja. Hän kuoli 29.3.2020 96 vuoden ikäisenä. Tässä kirjoituksessa tyydymme lyhyesti kuvaamaan hänen tärkeimpiä saavutuksiaan sekä muita, kenties vähemmän tunnettuja kontribuutioita hänen ydinalueensa ulkopuolella.
AASF jatkaa monitieteisellä linjalla jo kolmatta vuotta. Kirjoittajat ovat nopeasti omaksuneet ajatuksen kertoa omasta työstään monialaiselle, oppineelle yleisölle, ja mielestämme he ovat onnistuneet tehtävässä erinomaisesti. Käsikirjoitusten arvioijat ovat myös tukeneet tätä näkökulmaa, ja yhteistyön ansiosta tekstit avautuvat tieteeseen perehtyneelle lukijakunnalle alasta riippumatta.
Learning From the Global Experience in Conflict Prevention
This article identifies some of the central blind spots in the Western understanding of conflict prevention. On the one hand, this is achieved by referencing research that contrasts elements of Western conflict prevention approaches with more successful non-Western methods. On the other hand, the article summarizes research indicating which framings and social realities predict conflict onset and escalation, exposing intellectual approaches that are detrimental to conflict prevention. Throughout this exploration, the article also unveils my personal intellectual history and development in the field of peace studies.
This article introduces an ongoing project that examines a key aspect of the transition from war to uneasy peace in the aftermath of WWII in Europe: the ethno-national categorizations of the expellees forcibly transported across inter-state borders as national minorities. It argues that the level of ethno-national homogeneity between incoming expellees and more established population groups in the ‘postwar moment’ has been exaggerated. In fact, this period witnessed a complex process of redefining and renegotiating the bounds of the postwar national community in which ethno-national categories were contested and whose consequences were far-ranging, both immediately and in the longer term.
Multimediaalisuus ikkunana työelämän digitalisaatioon
Digitalization has had a profound effect on work practices. However, digital practices have not replaced older practices such as paper documents and face-to-face interactions. Rather, interaction in the workplace is multimedial: different forms of communication are intertwined with each other. In this article, drawing form interaction studies, I describe the effects of multimediality for workplace practices in two ways: how multimediality explains the often unconventional ways digital tools are used in workplaces, and how complex, longitudinal workplace processes are organized through multimedial practices. In the concluding section, I also discuss multimedial competences needed in the 21st century workplace.
Swedish is spoken both in Sweden and Finland, and Finland is a bilingual country with Swedish as a national language alongside Finnish. This makes it possible to explore the same language in two different societies, and two different languages in the same society. However, few comparative studies have been conducted with parallel datasets in both national languages of Finland. The project Communicative patterns in two languages in Finland therefore compares Finnish and Finland Swedish internally and to Sweden Swedish in similar institutional settings. In this article I present the research area of the project by discussing results from two previous pilot studies.
Kuvaruudullasi tai käsissäsi on AASF:n vuoden 2023 toinen numero. Sen artikkelit ovat jälleen suomeksi, ruotsiksi tai englanniksi kirjoitettuja ja edustavat laajaa tieteenalojen valikoimaa.
Copyright (c) 2023 Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Constant Software Updates vs. Public Software Acquisition
Software industry has widely adopted agile software development model, where it is accepted that change is constant. Indeed, as the environment in which the software is run changes – be it changes in jurisdiction, language, user expectations, reinterpretation or requirements, or something else – the software needs to be modified to satisfy end-user needs. At the same time, many organizations, especially those that operate in the public sector, rely on tendering and detailed requirements documentation when acquiring software, with an assumption that once deployed, the software would continue to serve the end users unaltered or with minor changes covered by a maintenance contract. In this article, we will consider this fundamental mismatch from the viewpoint of what we know about software evolution in general, and then propose ways forward to design and implement public sector software that can be adapted to new, emergent needs.
Katsomukset ja kulttuuriset työkalut modernin elämän palapelissä
Religion and other views of life are often studied by applying the notions of identity and worldview. My article offers to supplement these perspectives by that of cultural tools. Pluralistic societies afford multiple cultural tools with which individuals and groups can try to adjust their position and enhance their possibilities of action in the midst of the often precarious and rapidly changing situations of modern life. Both scientific and religious, or “spiritual”, tools are available, and they may be flexibly applied and, also, combined in different ways. I reflect on the question of cultural tools drawing from the recent research conducted by my colleagues as well as by myself on the following three subject areas: Esoteric beliefs and practices in the shadow of mainstream religion, transforming rituals of death, and the interest in learning from new kinds of religion and spirituality.
Väärin koettu, eli kaukaisten vuosisatojen varoituksia kokemuksen historiasta
Is the history of early modern experience useful to historical research or to modern society? If it is, how? The article uses the concepts of experience and the history of the early modern period to explore the construction of reality and the relationship of individuals and societies. It warns against self-righteousness and encourages slow thinking.
Urbaani kulttuuriperintö ja fragmentaatioteoria: Esimerkkinä Turun kaupunkiarkeologia
Despite the shift from a monument- or object-centred to a landscape-centred approach in the protection and management of urban cultural heritage, the analysis of cultural heritage as individual objects is still relevant. Theories on material culture do not see objects in the way they were conceived in monument-centred conservation. A case in point is fragmentation theory. The article uses this theory to analyse the relationship between archaeology and the urban landscape in Turku. Although fragmentation theory has its roots in prehistoric archaeology, the article adapts it to the modern, urban setting. Archaeological fragments have a physical connection with the past, but they can also act as agents independent of their original objects. This creative potential of fragments should be further explored in urban heritage management.
Humans are inherently social animals and need the company of others for their well-being. Accumulating evidence suggests that our cognitive system as well as the associated neural networks include domain specific mechanisms specialized for processing information from other people. This information is necessary for efficient and smooth social interaction. This article first describes findings from two main areas of social neuroscience research: processing of visual information from other people’s faces and bodies, and processing of (non-visible) information about other people's minds. After this, the article focuses on the big challenges the researchers on the field are facing: how to move on from the typical laboratory experiments in which participants are often mere spectators looking at pictures of other people. How to design studies which are genuinely social?
Solving complex 'wicked' problems requires multidisciplinary approaches. Here I introduce convergence research, a concept still relatively unknown in Finland. Convergence research involves collaboration across various disciplines to achieve common goals by integrating knowledge, skills, and approaches. Convergence research requires attitude changes from researchers, universities, and funders, as well as efforts for creating a shared language, recognizing individual researchers' contributions, and reforming university recruitment and evaluation practices. The pillars of convergence research include a shared research problem, effective communication, researcher-driven formation of teams, respect for other fields, and appropriate interpersonal chemistry.
Osuuskuntien sääntely ja osuuskuntaperiaatteet
The purpose of this article is to assess how the Finnish Cooperatives Act should be devel-oped so that it would better reflect the Cooperative Principles laid down by the Internation-al Cooperative Alliance. There is much evidence showing that cooperatives are important (socio)economic actors, hence, cooperative identity needs to be preserved through legisla-tion. It is, for example, argued that the principles of one member one vote and concern for the community should be enhanced through legislation. Furthermore, equity-based financ-ing instruments that promote investor interests should not be developed further. Instead, attention should be paid to such financing methods that are better aligned with the Coop-erative Principles.
Data-intensive sociolinguistics using social media
This article looks into using large-scale social media data in SSH research and in particular in studies of language variation and change. It presents a study that investigates the role of social networks in linguistic variability. Previous studies have convincingly shown that networks in which people are connected to each other in loose ties tend to contribute positively to language change. Conversely, networks in which people are closely connected to each other inhibit change. This conclusion is, however, based on small datasets from small networks, and this study tests if the difference is diluted when network size is closer to human average. The results from 3,935 networks suggest this to be the case. Towards the end, the article suggests numerous ways in which large-scale social media data and the use of data intensive methodologies could be increased and encouraged in SSH research.