Impact of genotype-environment interactions on wheat yield and quality: Evidence from multilocation trials

Abstract

Common wheat is a globally important cereal crop, with its winter form essential for milling and baking industries. This study explores the relationships between grain quality traits and yield in wheat, focusing on genetic and environmental influences. Field trials of 55 cultivars across 12 locations over five seasons evaluated grain yield (GY), grain protein content (GPC), thousand-grain weight (TGW), Zeleny sedimentation value (SV), and Hagberg falling number (FN) using linear mixed models and path analysis. Results revealed trade-offs between yield and quality: higher FN and SV correlated with increased GPC, while higher GY and TGW were linked to lower GPC. GY positively correlated with TGW but was negatively influenced by GPC. Path analysis confirmed these relationships, emphasizing genetic and environmental interactions. GGE biplot analysis identified cultivars with stable performance across environments. This study highlights strategies for balancing yield and quality in breeding programs, offering insights for 
developing resilient cultivars tailored to specific uses and environmental conditions, applicable beyond wheat breeding.