Arctos – Acta Philologica Fennica
https://journal.fi/arctos
<p class="p1"><em>Arctos</em> is a peer-reviewed journal published by the <a href="https://www.kfy.fi/">Classical Association of Finland</a>. Published since 1954, it appears annually since 1974. <em>Arctos</em> publishes research articles on all aspects of classical antiquity and its reception.</p>Klassillis-filologinen yhdistys / Klassisk-filologisk föreningen (The Classical Society of Finland)en-USArctos – Acta Philologica Fennica0570-734XThe Unity and Diversity of Plato's Forms
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161176
<p>This paper examines the conception of Forms under the two-level model of Holger Thesleff for the interpretation of Plato. The primary focus is on the classification of Forms into three different categories comprising Ideal Forms, Conceptual Forms, and Relational Forms. The corresponding coverage favors the last of these categories in terms of the attention devoted, space reserved, and time dedicated to the elucidation of each one, aiming thereby to make up for its natural propensity to be confused with either one of the other two categories. The overall effort complements previous discussions of the topic, as opposed to repeating, rescinding, or revising any of them. It consequently brings out, more clearly than attempted or accomplished before, the similarities and differences between the three categories as an extension or reflection of the organic relationship between the classification of Forms and the two-level model itself.</p>Necip Fikri Alican
Copyright (c) 2025 Necip Fikri Alican
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2025-07-072025-07-07589–469–4610.71390/arctos.161176Evaluating ἐπαξιόω in P. Oxy. Hels. 26
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161428
<p>This contribution evaluates the reconstructed request verb ἐπαξιόω as it appears in the request formula of P. Oxy. Hels. 26, emphasizing the difficulties of reconstructing fragmentary texts—particularly when unusual linguistic features are involved. The analysis is grounded in the semantic analysis of the verb and in the role of ἐπι- in the formation of prefixed verbs. The study proposes a dual semantic development of the prefixed form, reflecting the evolution of ἀξιόω from an abstract meaning to a more concrete usage. In its abstract sense, the prefix ἐπι- indicate a continuous evaluation; in its concrete usage, it may express the accumulation of the request—aligning with the rhetorical aims of the text and exemplifying the writer’s skilled command of the language. As for the reconstruction itself, the conclusion is that the reading ἐπαξιόω should at the very least be marked as doubtful, due to both paleographic and linguistic concerns.</p>Irene Chioni
Copyright (c) 2025 Irene Chioni
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2025-07-072025-07-075847–7047–7010.71390/arctos.161428Quale π? Un Vitruvio impreciso, ma non ambiguo
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/157590
<p>In questo articolo si intende mettere in luce come il valore di π uguale a tre, indirettamente riportato dai manoscritti, non sia sicuramente da scartare come è stato fatto in vario modo a partire dal XVII secolo. È il modus operandi vitruviano a suggerire quest’idea, oltre al fatto, è bene ricordarlo, che a sostegno di tutti gli altri valori proposti non vi sia alcuna prova.</p> <p>In this article, we intend to illustrate how the value of π being equal to three, as indirectly reported by the manuscripts, should certainly not to be dismissed, as has been done in various ways since the 17th century. It is the Vitruvian <em>modus operandi</em> that suggests this idea, in addition to the fact – worth remembering – that there is no evidence to support any of the other values proposed.</p>Giovanni Gaia
Copyright (c) 2025 Giovanni Gaia
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2025-07-072025-07-075871–9271–9210.71390/arctos.157590La tragedia di uno schiavo in un discorso di Metello Scipione (Ascon. 35,7—11 = ORF 154, F2 Manuwald)
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/159905
<p>L’articolo si propone di ricostruire un episodio attestato unicamente nel discorso pronunciato in senato verso il 18 febbraio 52 a. C. da Quinto Metello Scipione, che noi conosciamo attraverso una sintesi di Asconio (35,7–10). Secondo la ricostruzione presentata nell’articolo, Scipione avrebbe attribuito a Milone, del quale sottolineava la fredda ferocia, l’intento di uccidere il figlio bambino di Clodio; nel tentativo di trovarlo, Milone avrebbe fatto sottoporre ad un violentissimo interrogatorio lo schiavo che si prendeva cura del bambino, ma questi, pur di non tradire i suoi padroni, sarebbe morto sotto le torture. L’episodio veniva sfruttato da Scipione a scopo patetico, per suscitare indignazione contro Milone e ammirazione per lo schiavo fedele del quale, eccezionalmente, era fornito anche il nome. Non è possibile pronunciarsi sull’attendibilità di questa vicenda, testimoniata da un’unica fonte molto tendenziosa, ma è significativo che Asconio non la includa nella propria versione dei fatti.</p> <p>This article aims to reconstruct an episode recorded only in the speech delivered by Quintus Metellus Scipio in the Senate on 18 February 52 BC; Scipio’s speech is known to us from a summary by Asconius (35,7–10). According to the reconstruction presented in the article, Scipio attributed to Milo – whose cold ferocity was emphasised – the intention of killing Clodius’ young son. Milo was said to have violently interrogated the slave responsible for looking after the child in an attempt to find the boy, but the slave died under torture rather than betray his masters. Scipio exploited the episode for emotional effect, aiming to arouse indignation against Milo and admiration for the loyal slave, whose name, exceptionally, was also recorded. The reliability of this story, which comes from a highly biased source, is impossible to verify, but notably, Asconius did not include it in his own account of the facts.</p>Lucia Galli
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucia Galli
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2025-07-072025-07-075893–12093–12010.71390/arctos.159905Lucretius, impietas and Religious Deviance
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161302
<p>Lucretius’ Epicurean manifesto <em>De rerum natura</em> includes criticism of different aspects of ancient culture, such as classical mythology. Although from the textual evidence it is indisputable that he criticises the traditional Roman religion and its customs, the claim, defended in this article, that Lucretius was a religiously deviant thinker in a potentially harmful way for the ruling elite is controversial. It is controversial because there was, to some extent, freedom of religion in the late Roman republic. However, I argue that those in power had weighty reasons to consider <em>De rerum natura </em>as a religiously deviant work and thus Lucretius as an impious thinker (i.e., a person who lacks reverence towards the Roman gods and religious traditions). To be precise, his views are, even in the Roman intellectual context, radical. I use Varro’s <em>theologia tripertita</em> (‘threefold theology’), the sociological definition of religious deviance by Fritz Sack and John Scheid’s terminology of Roman religion to analyse Lucretius’ position.</p>Visa Helenius
Copyright (c) 2025 Visa Helenius
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2025-07-072025-07-0758121–152121–15210.71390/arctos.161302With Her Back to the Wall?
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161177
<p>Revisiting the arrangement, textual design, and spread of information of the four inscribed parts of the well-known funerary altar of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus and Aconia Fabia Paulina, the author argues that the inscription at the altar’s otherwise undecorated rear, the poem of Paulina, was deliberately designed to preserve private information about the couple and their religious beliefs, but to be hidden from the public eye – arguably by placing the altar’s rear against the wall of the burial space. This argument is backed up (a) by a revision of other inscriptions and sources referring to the couple and their religious agenda in public and private and (b) by consideration of further monumental texts that were inscribed only to be hidden away from the public eye in a similar fashion.</p>Peter Kruschwitz
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Kruschwitz
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2025-07-072025-07-0758153–188153–18810.71390/arctos.161177Mοναρχία and μόναρχος
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161312
<p>Classical scholars and historians of antiquity often assume that the concept of ‘monarchy’ (μοναρχία), like that of ‘tyranny’ (τυραννίς), was a part of Greek political terminology from a very early stage. Some eighty years ago, this theory was vigorously defended by Albert Debrunner, who argued that μοναρχία was the original Classical Greek constitutional term, functioning as a model for others such as ‘oligarchy’ (ὀλιγαρχία) and ‘democracy’ (δημοκρατία). In contrast, a lesser-known theory proposed by Gerhard Aalders asserts that the concept of people’s power, δημοκρατία, predates the emergence of μοναρχία and similar terms. This paper re-evaluates the origins of classical Greek constitutional terms by comparing these two alternative hypotheses, drawing on more recent scholarship, considering manuscript evidence, and discussing the historical context in which these Greek constitutional terms developed. Part I summarizes Debrunner’s theory and outlines the supporting arguments. Part II presents the main counterarguments, with a specific focus on the occurrences of μόναρχος (‘monarch’) in archaic Greek sources. Finally, Part III explores the implications of this critique and articulates four alternative hypotheses regarding the origins of μοναρχία and other classical Greek constitutional terms.</p>Otto Linderborg
Copyright (c) 2025 Otto Linderborg
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2025-07-072025-07-0758189–208189–20810.71390/arctos.161312The Achaean Alphabet of Poseidonia-Paestum
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161321
<p>This article provides an overview of the archaic script of Poseidonia-Paestum, aiming to identify its alphabetical structure and unique local characteristics. Through comprehensive analysis of letterforms, the study proposes palaeographic criteria for more accurately identifying the development of the Poseidonian alphabet. A comparison with an inscribed bronze jug in Achaean letters of uncertain origin highlights the effectiveness of the analysis in ascertaining the affiliation of Achaean inscriptions to the Poseidonia area. Finally, the study aims to establish reliable chronological parameters for dating archaic Poseidonian inscriptions.</p>Francesco Maniglia
Copyright (c) 2025 Francesco Maniglia
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2025-07-072025-07-0758209–226209–22610.71390/arctos.161321Cognomina in -ianus Derived from Cognomina
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162315
<p>In this paper, I discuss Latin cognomina ending in <em>-ianus </em>derived from cognomina, a formation attested for instance in <em>Priscianus </em>and <em>Severianus</em>, derived from <em>Priscus </em>and <em>Severus</em>. The main part of the exposition consists of an inventory of all cognomina of this type known to me, divided into sections according to the types of cognomina from which the cognomina in <em>-ianus </em>have been derived. The paper also includes observations on cognomina in <em>-inus</em> and on agnomina of slaves and freedmen in <em>-ianus </em>derived from cognomina. I conclude the paper with observations on the chronology of the cognomina in <em>-ianus</em>. Unlike cognomina in <em>-ianus </em>derived from nomina (<em>Aemilianus</em>, <em>Fulvianus</em>, etc.), which are known already from the Republican period, cognomina in <em>-ianus </em>derived from cognomina seem to be attested only from the about the middle of first century AD onwards.</p>Olli Salomies
Copyright (c) 2025 Olli Salomies
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2025-07-072025-07-0758227–278227–27810.71390/arctos.162315Analecta epigraphica 350–352
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162318
Heikki Solin
Copyright (c) 2025 Heikki Solin
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2025-07-072025-07-0758279–290279–29010.71390/arctos.162318Ulteriori considerazioni metriche e paleografiche sull'ara sepolcrale di Pretestato e Paolina (CIL VI 1779 = CLE 111)
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/157048
<p>Questo articolo esamina gli aspetti metrici e paleografici dell’ara sepolcrale dedicata a Vettio Agorio Pretestato e Aconia Fabia Paolina. L’analisi metrica evidenzia che le iscrizioni sono composte in trimetro giambico (ia<sup>t</sup>) anziché in senario giambico (ia<sup>6</sup>), suggerendo un tono tragico e solenne, in linea con il contesto funerario. Lo studio approfondisce anche le caratteristiche paleografiche, mettendo in luce errori e confusioni tra le lettere che sembrano derivare non solo dalla negligenza del lapicida, ma anche dalla natura dell’antigrafo. Infine, viene proposta una nuova lettura del verso 35 della <em>pars postica</em>, con una correzione al testo finora edito (<em>subolemque pulchram si tuae similis</em>).</p> <p>This paper examines the metrical and palaeographic aspects of the funerary altar dedicated to Vettius Agorius Praetextatus and Aconia Fabia Paulina. The metrical analysis shows that the inscriptions are composed in iambic trimeter (ia<sup>t</sup>), rather than in iambic senarii (ia<sup>6</sup>), highlighting a tragic and elevated tone appropriate for the funerary context. The study also investigates palaeographic features, revealing errors and letter confusions that could be attributed not only to the negligence of the stonecutter but also to the nature of the antigraph. A new reading of line 35 of the <em>pars postica</em> is proposed, offering a correction to the previously edited text (<em>subolemque pulchram si tuae similis</em>).</p>Daniele Xhani
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniele Xhani
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2025-07-072025-07-0758291–306291–30610.71390/arctos.157048Etymological Notes on Lat. ōtium and autumnus
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/157085
<p>This paper aims to bring new material to the old but disputed hypothesis that Lat. <em>ōtium</em> is the development of *<em>au</em><em>tiom</em> ‘annihilation, passing, disappearance, inactivity’ (*<em>au</em>- < *<em>h<sub>2</sub>eu</em>- ‘away, off’) and a cognate of Got. <em>auþja</em>- ‘empty’, Gr. αὔτως ‘just like; in vain’, αὔσιος ‘idle, vain’. Since Old Ligurian nouns (<strong>auto</strong>, <strong>otu</strong>, <strong>otiu</strong>, <strong>otiti</strong>) and verb forms (<strong>autit</strong>, <strong>otit</strong>, <strong>oti/e</strong> > <strong>ot</strong> and <strong>oturu)</strong> derive from a stem *<em>aut-</em> > <em>*ōt</em>- meaning ‘to annihilate, destroy, leave off, leave out’, the A. is inclined to suppose that Lat. <em>aut</em>, Umbr. <strong>ute</strong>, <em>ote</em>, Oscan <em>auti</em> ‘or’ and <em>aut</em> ‘but’ are relics of a previous pres. imp. 2nd sg. *<em>auti</em>/<em>e</em> ‘to deprive, leave off, leave alone’ perhaps formed to an adjective *<em>auto</em>- < *<em>au+to</em>- ‘deprived, missing, lacking’. The A. attributes the same stem *<em>aut</em>- to Lat. <em>autumnus</em> which would allude to both ‘vegetation and sunlight falling’ and ‘decline, decrease in human activity’. Cf. Gr. φθινόπωρον ‘late autumn’, where *φθιν- denotes ‘to decline, decay, perish’.</p>Adolfo Zavaroni
Copyright (c) 2025 Adolfo Zavaroni
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2025-07-072025-07-0758307–326307–32610.71390/arctos.157085Alexandreis für alle
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162319
<p>Eine Rezension von Walter von Châtillon:<em> Alexandreis. Lateinisch-deutsch. </em>Herausgegeben und übersetzt von Martin Lehmann. Sammlung Tusculum. Walter De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2023. ISBN 978-3-11-079572-1. 1040 S. EUR 99.95.</p>Antti Ijäs
Copyright (c) 2025 Antti Ijäs
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2025-07-072025-07-0758327–334327–33410.71390/arctos.162319Review: Anonymus Londiniensis: De Medicina. Edidit Daniela Manetti. Editio altera. Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana 2044. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2022
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161413
Heikki Solin
Copyright (c) 2025 Heikki Solin
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2025-07-072025-07-075833533510.71390/arctos.161413Review: Christian Beck: Die Ausstattung kleinerer Häuser in Pompeji (Insula IX 5):. Decor-Entscheidungen und ihre Wirkung (62–79 n. Chr.). Decor 6. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2023
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161330
Eeva-Maria Viitanen
Copyright (c) 2025 Eeva-Maria Viitanen
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2025-07-072025-07-0758336–339336–33910.71390/arctos.161330Review: Lajos Berkes – W. Graham Claytor – Maria Nowak (Hg.): Papyrologische und althistorische Studien zum 65. Geburtstag von Andrea Jördens. Philippika 167. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2023
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161325
Antti Arjava
Copyright (c) 2025 Antti Arjava
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2025-07-072025-07-0758339–340339–34010.71390/arctos.161325Review: Jonas Borsch – Olivier Gengler – Mischa Meier (Hg.): Die Weltchronik des Johannes Malalas im Kontext spätantiker Memorialkultur. Malalas Studien – Schriften zur Chronik des Johannes Malalas 3. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2019
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161408
Antti Arjava
Copyright (c) 2025 Antti Arjava
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2025-07-072025-07-0758340–342340–34210.71390/arctos.161408Review: Patrick Brimioulle: Das Konzil von Konstantinopel 536. Roma Aeterna 8. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2020
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161326
Antti Arjava
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2025-07-072025-07-0758342–344342–34410.71390/arctos.161326Review: Filippo Canali De Rossi: Le iscrizioni degli antichi autori greci e latini. Voll. 1–3 indivisibili. Scienze e Lettere, Roma 2021
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161411
Mika Kajava
Copyright (c) 2025 Mika Kajava
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2025-07-072025-07-0758344–345344–34510.71390/arctos.161411Review: Chiara Cenati: Miles in Urbe. Identità e autorappresentazione nelle iscrizioni dei soldati di origine danubiana e balcanica a Roma. Epigrafia e Antichità 49. Carocci editore, Roma 2023
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162335
Olli Salomies
Copyright (c) 2025 Olli Salomies
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2025-07-072025-07-0758346–348346–34810.71390/arctos.162335Review: Angelos Chaniotis (ed.): Unveiling Emotions III: Arousal, Display, and Performance of Emotions in the Greek World. Heidelberger Althistorische Beiträge und Epigraphische Studien 63. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2021
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162399
Saara Kauppinen
Copyright (c) 2025 Saara Kauppinen
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2025-07-072025-07-0758349–351349–35110.71390/arctos.162399Review: Riccardo Chiaradonna: Ontology in Early Neoplatonism: Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus. Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca et Byzantina 9. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2023
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162395
Visa Helenius
Copyright (c) 2025 Visa Helenius
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2025-07-072025-07-0758351–354351–35410.71390/arctos.162395Review: Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae. Vol. V: Galilaea and Northern Regions. Part 2: 6925–7818. Edited by Walter Ameling et al. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2023
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161409
Antti Arjava
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2025-07-072025-07-0758354–358354–35810.71390/arctos.161409Review: Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. IX, Suppl. 1, Fasc. 4: Sabini. Edidit Marco Buonocore. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2022
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162343
Olli Salomies
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2025-07-072025-07-0758359–362359–36210.71390/arctos.162343Review: Francesca Cotugno: Writing and Orthography in Non-Literary Texts from Roman Britain: A Sociolinguistic Approach. LautSchriftSprache 4. Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden 2022
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161327
Timo Korkiakangas
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2025-07-072025-07-0758362–365362–36510.71390/arctos.161327Review: Philip Hardie: Selected Papers on Ancient Literature and its Reception. 2 vols. Trends in Classics – Supplementary Volumes 148. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2023
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161329
H. K. Riikonen
Copyright (c) 2025 H. K. Riikonen
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2025-07-072025-07-0758365–373365–37310.71390/arctos.161329Review: Annette Haug –Adrian Hielscher –Anna-Lena Krüger (eds.): Neighbourhoods and City Quarters in Antiquity. Design and Experience. Decorative Principles in Late Republican and Early Imperial Italy. Decor 7. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2023
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162336
Nikolai Paukkonen
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2025-07-072025-07-0758374–376374–37610.71390/arctos.162336Review: Cesare Letta: Tra umano e divino. Forme e limiti del culto degli imperatori nel mondo romano. La Casa dei Sapienti 3. Agorà & Co., Sarzana-Lugano 2021
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162338
Outi Sihvonen
Copyright (c) 2025 Outi Sihvonen
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2025-07-072025-07-0758376–377376–37710.71390/arctos.162338Review: John Nash: Rulers of the Sea. Maritime Strategy and Sea Power in Ancient Greece, 550–321 BCE. De Gruyter Studies in Military History 8. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2024
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162325
Christa Steinby
Copyright (c) 2025 Christa Steinby
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2025-07-072025-07-0758378–380378–38010.71390/arctos.162325Review: Giorgia Proietti: Prima di Erodoto. Aspetti della memoria delle Guerre persiane. Hermes Einzelschrift 120. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2021
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162333
Christa Steinby
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2025-07-072025-07-0758381–382381–38210.71390/arctos.162333Review: Luigi Enrico Rossi:, κηληθμῷ δ’ ἔσχοντο: Scritti editi e inediti. Vol. I: Metrica e musica. Vol. II: Letteratura. Vol. III: Critica letteraria e storia degli studi. A cura di Giulio Colesanti et al. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2020
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161415
Heikki Solin
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2025-07-072025-07-075838338310.71390/arctos.161415Review: Przemysław Siekierka – Krystyna Stebnicka – Aleksander Wolicki: Women and the Polis: Public Honorific Inscriptions for Women in the Greek Cities from the Late Classical to the Roman Period. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2021
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/161410
Antti Arjava
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2025-07-072025-07-0758384–385384–38510.71390/arctos.161410Review: Zsuzsanna Szántó: The Jews of Ptolemaic Egypt. The History of a Diaspora Community in Light of the Papyri. De Gruyter, Berlin – Boston 2024
https://journal.fi/arctos/article/view/162334
Iida Laurén
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2025-07-072025-07-0758386–387386–38710.71390/arctos.162334