Helsinki Law Review
type: channel
description: Helsinki Law Review’tä toimittavat Helsingin oikeustieteellisen tiedekunnan oikeustieteen opiskelijat. Aikakauskirjan ensisijaisena tarkoituksena on tarjota sekä perustutkinto- että jatko-opiskelijoille mahdollisuus kehittää akateemisen kirjoittamisen ja arvioinnin taitojaan sekä osallistua julkaisutyöhön. Aikakauskirjan julkaisija on Helsingin yliopiston oikeustieteen opiskelijoiden tiedekuntajärjestö Pykälä ry. Aikakauskirja ilmestyy pääasiallisesti kahdesti vuodessa. Kirjoituksia julkaistaan suomen, ruotsin ja englannin kielillä. Suomen- ja ruotsinkielisistä kirjoituksista julkaistaan lisäksi englanninkielinen tiivistelmä. Helsinki Law Review ottaa vastaan lehden tilauksia yhteisöiltä. Aikakauskirjan painettuja kappaleita on myös jaossa Pykälä ry:n toimistolla (Mannerheimintie 3 B, 00100 Helsinki). Helsinki Law Review’tä ohjaa ja valvoo toimitusneuvosto, jonka jäsenet valitaan Helsingin yliopiston oikeustieteellisen tiedekunnan henkilöstöstä. Jokaisesta artikkelista pyydetään nimetön referee-arviointi kahdelta sopivaksi katsotulta oikeustieteen asiantuntijalta. Arvioijille kerrotaan, että heidän arvioimansa artikkeli on opiskelijan kirjoittama. Aikakauskirjaan voidaan viitata lyhenteellä HLR.
publisher: Pykälä ry
language: fi
publication name: Helsinki Law Review
issn: 1797-6251
items: Pääkirjoitus
items: Arbitrator Appointments at the Finland Arbitration Institute: Practice and Recent Developments
items: Välitystuomion täytäntöönpanon epääminen ordre public -perusteella
items: Variable Capital Investment Companies in Luxrmbourg and Ireland: Frameworks for Finnish Reform
items: Toimitukselta
items: Witness Statements in International Arbitration Proceedings – How Are They Used and What is Their Worth?
items: Välillisen ja varsinaisen tekemisen rajankäynti pakotetun itseloukkauksen tilanteessa sekä menettelyn suhde syyllisyysperiaatteeseen
items: https://journal.fi/helsinkilawreview/article/view/147682
items: Lapsiin verkon välityksellä kohdistettava seksuaaliväkivalta ihmiskaupan muotona – Kysynnästä ja sen seurauksista
items: Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CS3D) changes the legal landscape for large companies and their chains of activities
items: Private Equity and Parental Liability: Assessing Antitrust Liability
items: General Principles in the Decisions of the Ad Hoc Criminal Tribunals
items: Vapaaehtoisen päästökompensoinnin virhetilanteet kuluttajasuhteessa
items: Todennäköisyystahallisuus ja objektiivinen todennäköisyys
items: Todistustaakan jakautuminen työsyrjintää koskevassa adheesioprosessissa
items: Kön som skärpningsgrund vid straffmätningen
items: How can the concept of Essential Use develop the European Union’s REACH regulation of SVHC chemicals using PFAS substances as a case study?
items: Euroopan ihmisoikeussopimuksen artiklan 8 asettamat positiiviset toimintavelvoitteet ilmastonmuutoksessa ja niiden suhde lasten haavoittuvaiseen asemaan
items: In Search of Harmony between the Legal Competences of the EU and NATO – Focus on Article 42(7) TEU, NATO’s Article 5 and the Berlin Plus Agreements as Thresholds for Policy Recommendations
items: Identifying the Identified: Unraveling the Third Element of Personal Data in EU Law
items: Discrimination or Democracy? Reviewing the French Veil Ban in Light of the European Convention on Human Rights
items: A Situationally Sensitive Critique of the Space of Law School from a Queer and Trans Perspective
items: ”Joka ottaa vakuuttaakseen, ottaa vastatakseen” - Vakuutus vastuunrajoituskeinona yritysten välisissä sopimuksissa
items: Henkissosiaalinen valtio: suojaako vihapuheen rajoittaminen demokratiaa?
items: Kauppalain soveltuminen tekijänoikeuslisenssiin
items: Korkein oikeus ja valitusluparatkaisujen perustelematta jättäminen

Pääkirjoitus
type: item
subject: Muuta
  topic: section
subject: pääkirjoitus
  topic: keywords
creator: Mikael Salminen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mikael Salminen
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 4
ending page: 5
doi: 10.33344./vol18iss1pp4-5

Arbitrator Appointments at the Finland Arbitration Institute: Practice and Recent Developments
type: item
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: arbitration
  topic: keywords
creator: Henrik Sajakorpi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Henrik Sajakorpi
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 8
ending page: 17
doi: 10.33344/vol19issxpp8-27

Välitystuomion täytäntöönpanon epääminen ordre public -perusteella
type: item
description: Arbitration is a dispute resolution method that is growing in popularity, particularly in business disputes. One factor contributing to the popularity of arbitration is the wide range of international enforcement options available for arbitration awards, as well as the finality of the award. However, in Finland, a district court can deny enforcement on the grounds of ordre public – what it practically means is in the research agenda of this article. The study finds that ordre public issues are highly open to interpretation and that, for example, legal literature contains partly conflicting views on what kinds of arbitration awards are enforceable. The scarcity of the Supreme Court decisions in Finland does not provide any guidance for interpretation, but as this article demonstrates, European Union law and the decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union play a surprisingly important role in the consideration of enforceability in Finland. Traditionally, EU legal matters and legislative instruments have been kept separate from arbitration proceedings. The article demonstrates a clear need to clarify the issues of jurisdiction. In addition, the article argues that, particularly in competition law matters, the enforcement of an arbitral award may be prevented at a significantly lower threshold – the requirement of obviousness is therefore not applied in the same way in all situations.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Mikael Salminen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mikael Salminen
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 46
ending page: 72
doi: 10.33344/vol19iss1pp46-72

Variable Capital Investment Companies in Luxrmbourg and Ireland: Frameworks for Finnish Reform
type: item
description: Variable capital investment companies (VCICs) have become a preferred investment fund structure in leading European financial centers, particularly in Luxembourg and Ireland. These models combine legal personality, automatic capital adjustments, and favorable tax treatment, making them attractive to both institutional and retail investors. By contrast, Finnish investment funds remain confined to contractual structures, limiting their competitiveness and international appeal. This article examines the regulatory frameworks of Luxembourg and Ireland, highlights their advantages, and considers how a comparable VCIC framework could be designed for Finland in line with European best practices. In its mid-term policy session of 23 April 2025, the Finnish government announced its decision to establish a corporate fund structure aligned with international models. This policy marks a decisive departure from Finland’s long-standing reliance on contractual funds, confirming that reform is now imminent rather than speculative. Introducing a VCIC framework would expand the structural options available to fund sponsors, enhance flexibility and cross-border marketability, attract international capital, and position Finland’s fund industry to compete sustainably with Europe’s leading domiciles and strengthen its long-term position in the global fund market.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Eero Nikkanen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Eero Nikkanen
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 18
ending page: 44
doi: 10.33344/vol19iss1pp18-44

Toimitukselta
type: item
subject: Muuta
  topic: section
creator: Anniina Lehtimäki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mikael Salminen; Anniina Lehtimäki
date: 2025-05-05
publication date: 2025-05-05
starting page: 4
ending page: 5
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss2pp4-5

Witness Statements in International Arbitration Proceedings – How Are They Used and What is Their Worth?
type: item
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: witness statements
  topic: keywords
subject: international arbitration
  topic: keywords
creator: Aleksiina Markkula
creator: Matias Temonen
creator: Kristiina Saukko
creator: Ella Mäkijärvi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksiina Markkula, Matias Temonen, Kristiina Saukko, Ella Mäkijärvi
date: 2025-05-05
publication date: 2025-05-05
starting page: 8
ending page: 23
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss2pp8-23

Välillisen ja varsinaisen tekemisen rajankäynti pakotetun itseloukkauksen tilanteessa sekä menettelyn suhde syyllisyysperiaatteeseen
type: item
description: This article covers the demarcation between proper commission of an offence and commission through an agent in a situation where a person of legal capacity is coerced by another to commit a crime against themselves. Also, potential problems related to criminal liability in the light of the principle of guilt when acting as described above are discussed. Coerced self-infringement is a term used for said coercion.A hypothetical case, where A coerces B (by putting a knife on Bs throat threatening to kill him otherwise) to cut off his own finger, is employed to illustrate. Can A be liable for properly committing aggravated assault (CCoF 21:6) or for committing said offence through B as an agent? Three different alternatives are introduced and reasoned for: criminal liability through proper commission, criminal liability through commission with B as an agent as well as exemption from liability for the violence itself.Without legislative measures or a verdict from the Supreme court the legal situation is deemed unclear. Furthermore, a case resembling the hypothetical put forward will likely lead to a verdict of exemption from liability unless legislative measures are undertaken. This assessment is based on the wording of assault offences and CCoF 5:4, formulations in the government proposal regarding commission through an agent as well as the requirement of predictability within the principle of legality.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Robert Sandberg
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Robert Sandberg
date: 2025-05-05
publication date: 2025-05-05
starting page: 66
ending page: 90
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss2pp66-90

https://journal.fi/helsinkilawreview/article/view/147682
type: item
title: Cooperation and Conflict between Sovereign States in the Development of Offshore Wind Energy: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), “Wind Theft” and the Potential of Transboundary Marine Spatial Planning
description: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), UNCLOS, governs the development of offshore wind energy in marine spaces. The focus of this article is on how sovereign states should develop cooperation in the expansion of offshore wind energy within Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) by utilizing international law. Academics have predicted that instances of conflict may arise in the development of offshore wind, as can be seen in the case of wind induced wakes (“wind theft”). It is in favour of states to create transboundary cooperation, which can be done through systems of planning and cooperation. Transboundary marine spatial planning (TMSP) may act as a useful avenue to foster cooperation on a transnational level in the development of offshore wind energy. The institution of UNCLOS as a legal framework should be used to its full potential to construct opportunities for collaboration between nation states in the development of green energy.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Lia Lehto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lia Lehto
date: 2025-05-05
publication date: 2025-05-05
starting page: 46
ending page: 64
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss2pp46-64

Lapsiin verkon välityksellä kohdistettava seksuaaliväkivalta ihmiskaupan muotona – Kysynnästä ja sen seurauksista
type: item
description: Tässä vuonna 2023 valmistuneeseen Pro gradu -tutkielmaan pohjaavassa artikkelissa selvennetään lapsiin verkossa kohdistuvan seksuaaliväkivallan mekaniikkaa ja muotoja ihmiskaupparikollisuuden viitekehyksessä. Artikkelissa esitellään tutkimuksen keskeisimmät havainnot, jotka auttavat ymmärtämään lapsiin verkossa kohdistuvaa seksuaaliväkivaltaa ja sen tuottamisen mekanismeja ihmiskaupan kysyntää ylläpitävänä ja siihen vastaavana väkivallan muotona. Artikkelissa myös haastetaan ihmiskaupparikoksessa osallisten henkilöiden määritelmää verkkoympäristön näkökulmasta ja esitetään keinoja niihin puuttumiseksi seksuaaliväkivallan torjunnan näkökulmasta.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: ihmiskauppa
  topic: keywords
subject: kansainvälinen rikollisuus
  topic: keywords
subject: lainsäädäntö
  topic: keywords
subject: lapset
  topic: keywords
subject: rikosoikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: seksuaalirikokset
  topic: keywords
subject: tietoverkkorikokset
  topic: keywords
creator: Noora Halmeenlaakso
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Noora Halmeenlaakso
date: 2025-05-05
publication date: 2025-05-05
starting page: 92
ending page: 114
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss2pp92-114

Toimitukselta
type: item
subject: Muuta
  topic: section
creator: Anniina Lehtimäki
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Anniina Lehtimäki
date: 2024-11-01
publication date: 2024-11-01
starting page: 4
ending page: 5
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss1pp4-5

Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CS3D) changes the legal landscape for large companies and their chains of activities
type: item
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: kestävä kehitys
  topic: keywords
subject: EU
  topic: keywords
subject: yritysten yhteiskuntavastuu
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Kuusniemi-Laine
creator: Lia Heasman
creator: Laura Vuorinen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Anna Kuusniemi-Laine, Lia Heasman, Laura Vuorinen
date: 2024-11-01
publication date: 2024-11-01
starting page: 8
ending page: 23
doi: 10.33344/vol18issxpp8-23

Private Equity and Parental Liability: Assessing Antitrust Liability
type: item
description: This article examines the increasing antitrust liabilities faced by private equity firms as regulatory frameworks evolve, particularly in EU competition law. As private equity firms move beyond passive investment and exert significant influence over the strategic and operational decisions of their portfolio companies, they are increasingly being held accountable for the anti-competitive practices of these entities. The expansion of the single economic entity doctrine in EU competition law plays a central role, treating private equity firms and their portfolio companies as a unified entity for the purposes of liability when decisive influence is demonstrated. This shift challenges the traditional distinction between financial investors and operational controllers, making private equity firms vulnerable to significant legal risks. The article further explores how private equity firms can manage these growing liabilities. Through implementing robust governance structures, enforcing strict compliance programs, and securing strong contractual protections, private equity firms may be able to reduce their exposure to regulatory penalties and litigation. The article underscores the need for private equity firms to adapt to an increasingly stringent regulatory environment, where their active role in portfolio companies may result in legal responsibility for violations of competition law.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: Suomi
  topic: keywords
creator: Eero Nikkanen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Eero Nikkanen
date: 2025-05-05
publication date: 2025-05-05
starting page: 24
ending page: 44
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss2pp24-44

Pääkirjoitus
type: item
subject: Muuta
  topic: section
creator: Anna Turkki
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Anna Turkki
date: 2024-07-18
publication date: 2024-07-18
starting page: 4
ending page: 7
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss2pp4-5

General Principles in the Decisions of the Ad Hoc Criminal Tribunals
type: item
description: The Prosecutor v. Furundžija judgment has been criticized for the creative application of the principle of human dignity in expanding the definition of the crime of rape. Here, the main point of critique has been how the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia utilized the principle of human dignity to outweigh legality. This paper seeks to summarise some of the problems arising from the application of general principles in the ad hoc Tribunals in general and in relation to legality, and to answer the question, whether creative ways to utilize general principles should be allowed. The significance of judicial creativity is demonstrated with examples of the effects the judgements have had on individuals and the ICL. These objectives are achieved through critical analysis of relevant literature and case law of the Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the focus remaining on the Furundžija judgement.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: International criminal law
  topic: keywords
subject: general principles
  topic: keywords
subject: human dignity
  topic: keywords
subject: Ad Hoc Tribunals
  topic: keywords
subject: ICTR
  topic: keywords
subject: ICTY
  topic: keywords
creator: Susanna Kerttula
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Susanna Kerttula
date: 2024-11-01
publication date: 2024-11-01
starting page: 86
ending page: 100
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss1pp86-100

Vapaaehtoisen päästökompensoinnin virhetilanteet kuluttajasuhteessa
type: item
description: Vapaaehtoisen päästökompensaatiomarkkinan kasvu on voimakasta, ja kompensaatiopalvelun kysyntä kasvaa myös Suomessa. Päästökompensaatiohankkeiden valvonta on nykyisin pitkälti yksityisten sertifiointijärjestelmien varassa, ja todentamattomat ympäristöväittämät ovat yleisiä. Kuluttajien voi olla erittäin vaikea arvioida ympäristöväittämien paikkansapitävyyttä, ja heillä on harvoin täsmällistä tietoa hyödykkeiden valmistamisen tosiasiallisista ympäristövaikutuksista. Päästökompensaation toteuttamisessa noudatetaan yleensä tietylle standardille asetettuja kriteerejä, joilla kompensaatiohankkeen laadukkuus pyritään varmistamaan. Keskeisiä kriteerejä ovat ilmastohyödyn mitattavuus, lisäisyys, ajoitus, pysyvyys, kestävyys sekä kaksoislaskennan kielto. Kuluttajasuhteessa päästökompensointia voidaan joko käyttää osana yrityksen markkinointia tai sitä voidaan tarjota kuluttajalle hyödykkeenä. Ero näkyy erityisesti tilanteessa, jossa kompensaatio on tavalla tai toisella virheellistä. Kyse on silloin joko totuudenvastaisesta tai harhaanjohtavasta markkinoinnista taikka kulutushyödykkeen virheestä. Tutkimuskysymykseni on: Miten kuluttajasuhteessa ilmenevät vapaaehtoisen päästökompensaation virhetilanteet ratkeavat voimassa olevan oikeuden mukaan? Kuluttajansuojalaki (38/1978, KSL) kuluttajaoikeudellisena yleissäännöksenä soveltuu sekä markkinoinnin että kulutushyödykkeen virhetilanteisiin. Sääntelyn jättäminen kuluttajansuojalain varaan ei kuitenkaan ole kaikilta osin tyydyttävä ratkaisu, sillä kuluttajansuojalakia sovelletaan vain kuluttajan ja elinkeinonharjoittajan välisessä suhteessa, mikä rajaa osan päästökompensaatiopalvelun tarjoajista sääntelyn ulkopuolelle. Päästökompensoinnin varallisuusoikeudellinen asema on jossain määrin epäselvä. Eri tahot ovat katsoneet päästökompensaatiossa olevan kyse esimerkiksi vastikkeettomasta hyväntekeväisyydestä, palvelusopimuksesta tai vastikkeellisesta vaihdannasta. EU-tasolla on valmisteilla useita päästökompensoinnin luotettavuuden pa…
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: päästökompensaatio
  topic: keywords
subject: ilmasto-oikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: kuluttajaoikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: kuluttajapalvelukset
  topic: keywords
subject: ilmastonmuutos
  topic: keywords
creator: Artti Pursiainen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Artti Pursiainen
date: 2024-11-01
publication date: 2024-11-01
starting page: 24
ending page: 40
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss1pp24-40

Todennäköisyystahallisuus ja objektiivinen todennäköisyys
type: item
description: Todennäköisyystahallisuudessa on kysymys rikosoikeudellisesti arvioitavasta teosta, jonka tunnusmerkistönmukaista seurausta rikoksentekijä on itse pitänyt varsin todennäköisenä. Tällaisessa vastuuinstituutiossa on luonnostaan joitain epäselvyyksiä, koska tekijän mieleen on vaikea päästä ja toisaalta tämän todennäköisyyskäsitettä on vielä vaikeampi konstruoida. Tässä tutkimuksessa olen käsitellyt omasta mielestäni keskeistä ja verrattain vähälle huomiolle jäänyttä todennäköisyystahallisuuden kysymystä, eli sitä, miten todennäköisyystahallisuuden sisältämä todennäköisyyskäsite liittyy matemaattiseen todennäköisyyteen. Tutkimus on mielestäni tärkeää useasta syystä. Ensinnäkin voidaan todeta, että useimmiten kun todennäköisyystahallisuuteen otetaan kantaa, joudutaan myös ottamaan kantaa reaaliseen todennäköisyyteen – vähintäänkin implisiittisesti. Lisäksi myös todennäköisyystieto sekä valmiudet sen hyödyntämiseen kasvavat koko ajan, jolloin on arvokasta tutkia, miten tähän tietoon suhtaudutaan. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan monitieteinen. Siinä hyödynnetään oikeustieteen metodeista ensinnäkin lainoppia rikosoikeudellisen vastuuopin ja erityisesti sen sisältämän tahallisuusopin ja edelleen todennäköisyystahallisuuden hahmottamiseksi. Tämän lisäksi tutkimus sisältää huomattavasti oikeusteoreettisia elementtejä todennäköisyystahallisuuden taustalla vaikuttavien monimutkaisempien kysymysten pohdinnan vuoksi. Keskeinen monitieteisyyden metodi taasen on tilastotieteen todennäköisyyslaskenta, jota hyödynnetään käsiteltäessä tuomioistuinten – lähinnä KKO:n – ratkaisujen todennäköisyystiedon hahmottamista ja käsittelemistä, eli lähinnä käytännössä sitä, millaisena tuomioistuin on todennäköisyyttä eri tapauksissa pitänyt. Tämä arvioinnin tarkoituksena on tuottaa juridis–matemaattinen synteesi. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että objektiivisella todennäköisyydellä on suurikin merkitys todennäköisyystahallisuudessa. Ensinnäkin on selvää, että useimmiten käytännössä ei voida tyy…
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: rikosoikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: tahallisuusoppi
  topic: keywords
subject: todennäköisyystahallisuus
  topic: keywords
creator: Atro Kaarento
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Atro Kaarento
date: 2024-11-01
publication date: 2024-11-01
starting page: 64
ending page: 84
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss1pp64-84

Todistustaakan jakautuminen työsyrjintää koskevassa adheesioprosessissa
type: item
description: Työsyrjintä on rikoslaissa kriminalisoitu teko, jonka vastuu kohdistuu työnantajaan tai tämän edustajaan luonnollisena henkilönä. Työsyrjinnän rangaistusseuraamuksen lisäksi työsyrjinnän uhrilla on mahdollisuus vaatia työnantajalta tai tämän edustajalta myös yksityisoikeudellisia korvauksia tai hyvitystä yhdenvertaisuuslain, tasa-arvolain, vahingonkorvauslain tai työsopimuslain perusteella. Tällaiset yksityisoikeudelliset vaatimukset voivat olla asianomistajalle jopa merkityksellisempiä kuin vastaajalle tuomittava rangaistusseuraamus. Asianomistajan yksityisoikeudellinen vaatimus voidaan tutkia joko erillisenä riita-asiana tai adheesioperiaatteen mukaisesti syyttäjän ajaman rikosprosessin sivuvaatimuksena. Pääsääntöisesti asianomistajan kannalta lienee edullisinta saada tämän yksityisoikeudellinen vaatimus käsitellyksi rikosprosessin yhteydessä. Työsyrjintää koskevassa riita-asiassa sovelletaan kuitenkin kantajan kannalta edullista syrjintää koskevaa legaalista presumptiota ja sitä seuraavaa vastaajalle kääntyvää todistustaakkaa, jota ei rikosprosessissa syyttäjän todistustaakan sekä syytetyn syyttömyysolettaman ja itsekriminointisuojan vuoksi voida soveltaa. Tutkimuksessa on pyritty hahmottamaan sitä, miten tämä todistustaakan jakautumista koskeva ristiriita voidaan ratkaista työsyrjintätapausta koskevassa adheesioprosessissa, kun sekä rangaistus- että yksityisoikeudellinen vaatimus perustuvat samoihin tosiseikkoihin. Tutkimuksessa havaitaan, että oikeuskäytännön ja kirjallisuuden perusteella näyttäisi mahdolliselta, että työsyrjintärikostapauksissa todistustaakka kääntyy vastaajalle sen jälkeen, kun kantaja on ensin näyttänyt syrjinnän todennäköiseksi. Ilmiötä systematisoitaessa tutkimuksessa päädytään siihen, että työsyrjinnän rikosprosessuaalisessa menettelyssä näytetään sovellettavan jonkinlaista todistustaakan osittain kääntävää faktista presumptiota, joka muistuttaa läheisesti työsyrjinnän yksityisoikeudellisissa riita-asioissa sovellettavaa legaalista presum…
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Kasper Hyppönen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Kasper Hyppönen
date: 2024-11-01
publication date: 2024-11-01
starting page: 42
ending page: 63
doi: 10.33344/vol18iss1pp42-63

Kön som skärpningsgrund vid straffmätningen
type: item
description: In this article I examine the recent addition to the Finnish penal code, namely, that a crime that has the victim’s gender as its motivation may be taken as grounds for increasing the severity of the punishment. Chapter six section five of the Finnish penal code names grounds for increasing the severity of the punishment. The fourth point of section five subsection one initially included only racist motives, but it has eventually broadened to cover a wider range of hate crimes. Examination of motivations provided for the addition – the word “gender” in the list of aggravating circumstances – reveals ambiguity. Although gender is a broad concept, the Finnish legislator chose a narrow definition: in the government proposition, the term primarily refers to men and women. The legislator’s reasoning focuses on hate crime directed at women acting in the public sphere, such as politicians, journalists, and academics. Comparison with wordings and motivations in the corresponding sections of the Swedish and Danish penal codes reveals a significant difference: in Sweden and Denmark the emphasis is on the protection of sexual and gender minorities.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: rangaistuksen koventamisperusteet
  topic: keywords
subject: sukupuoli
  topic: keywords
subject: viharikos
  topic: keywords
creator: Ulla Tervahauta
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ulla Tervahauta
date: 2024-07-18
publication date: 2024-07-18
starting page: 82
ending page: 98
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss2pp82-98

How can the concept of Essential Use develop the European Union’s REACH regulation of SVHC chemicals using PFAS substances as a case study?
type: item
description: The REACH (EC, No 1907/2006 of the European and of the Council) regulation of chemicals in the European Union lacks in its agility to regulate Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC). This paper aims to give a legal-dogmatic overview of how REACH should be developed, especially in relation to SVHC chemicals, and using PFAS chemicals, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, as a case study. This is done by using the “essential use” model to group SVHC chemicals in a more efficient manner. This paper introduces PFAS chemicals and broadly SVHC substances, summarizes REACH regulations processes, and considers the feasibility of introducing “essential use” as a concept to the current regulation. The findings of this paper suggest that essential use should be developed within the restriction and authorization processes of REACH using a fast-tracked system of grouping SVHC chemicals.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: Reach-asetus
  topic: keywords
subject: vaaralliset aineet
  topic: keywords
subject: kemikaaliturvallisuus
  topic: keywords
subject: Erityistä huolta aiheuttavat aineet (SVHC)
  topic: keywords
creator: Lia Lehto
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Lia Lehto
date: 2024-07-18
publication date: 2024-07-18
starting page: 64
ending page: 80
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss2pp64-80

Euroopan ihmisoikeussopimuksen artiklan 8 asettamat positiiviset toimintavelvoitteet ilmastonmuutoksessa ja niiden suhde lasten haavoittuvaiseen asemaan
type: item
description: In recent years, climate change and children’s rights have been hot topics in the field of international law. Paris Agreement set a goal for climate mitigation actions: to keep the global temperature well below 2 °C. However, developed countries are far behind that target. Thus, many children have taken action and initiated legal proceedings in the international legal bodies. This article aims to enlighten the reader on the positive obligations of the European Convention on Human Rights towards children on climate change in the light of article 8. Moreover, the article delves into the position of children in our society and their vulnerability. The article also explores the challenges children face in asserting their rights. It divides positive obligations into three categories: the authorities’ obligations, the obligations of the legislator, and the obligations of the courts. In conclusion, the author brings up the obstacles in the way of the full enjoyment of environmental rights in the human rights system.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: Ihmisoikeudet
  topic: keywords
subject: Lasten oikeudet
  topic: keywords
subject: Ilmastonmuutos
  topic: keywords
subject: Haavoittuvaisuus
  topic: keywords
subject: Euroopan ihmisoikeussopimus
  topic: keywords
subject: Paris Agreement
  topic: keywords
subject: ympäristöperusoikeus
  topic: keywords
creator: Helmi Hämäläinen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Helmi Hämäläinen
date: 2024-07-18
publication date: 2024-07-18
starting page: 40
ending page: 62
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss2pp40-62

In Search of Harmony between the Legal Competences of the EU and NATO – Focus on Article 42(7) TEU, NATO’s Article 5 and the Berlin Plus Agreements as Thresholds for Policy Recommendations
type: item
description: The aim of this article is to answer the following question: understanding that a significant majority of Member States of the European Union are also members of NATO, how should these two organisations’ inter-institutional relationship be understood in terms of competences in the realm of security and defence? I will also take a normative approach as I suggest policies to further promote coherence in actions between the EU and NATO. I deduce that the future of European collective security is largely dependent on how the Member States decide to develop their military defence capabilities within the EU. The EU– NATO relationship does not necessarily have to culminate in the question of a potential clash of competences; rather, the most fruitful question becomes how to ensure that competences regarding military defence are exercised in such a way that the Union’s and NATO’s capabilities are deployed in the most effective and cooperative manner. Furthermore, I argue that a more ambitious approach is needed for the future EU–NATO cooperation. This would require a thorough revision of the Berlin Plus Agreement as well as a transition from its somewhat narrow scope. Hence, I introduce two different pathways forward to revise the existing regulatory framework.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: Euroopan unioni
  topic: keywords
subject: Nato
  topic: keywords
subject: turvallisuuspolitiikka
  topic: keywords
creator: Henri Kaarakainen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Henri Kaarakainen
date: 2024-07-18
publication date: 2024-07-18
starting page: 10
ending page: 38
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss2pp10-38

Pääkirjoitus
type: item
subject: Muuta
  topic: section
creator: Sade Mäntylä
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Sade Mäntylä
date: 2023-11-21
publication date: 2023-11-21
starting page: 4
ending page: 5
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss1pp4-5

Pääkirjoitus
type: item
subject: Muuta
  topic: section
creator: Daniel Odabasi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Daniel Odabasi
date: 2023-10-23
publication date: 2023-10-23
starting page: 4
ending page: 5
doi: 10.33344/vol16iss2pp4-5

Identifying the Identified: Unraveling the Third Element of Personal Data in EU Law
type: item
description: The notion of ’personal data’ is a well-established concept within European Union legislation, having been defined and interpreted through various legal texts and court cases over the past two decades. However, the third element of this definition, which pertains to the identification or identifiability of an individual, continues to generate considerable ambiguity. The crux of this uncertainty lies in determining the circumstances under which an individual can be deemed ’identified’. This interpretation is of paramount importance, as data that cannot be associated with an identified or identifiable individual is not classified as personal data, thereby falling outside the scope of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Historically, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has not provided a clear stance on the threshold of identifiability. The Working Party, established under Article 29 of the Data Protection Directive, has offered its own interpretation, providing a detailed perspective on what constitutes an ’identified’ individual. Despite its non-binding nature, this opinion is frequently employed by legal scholars as a foundation for defining personal data. However, the absence of references to this opinion in CJEU judgements, coupled with the fact that the European Data Protection Board (the successor of the Working Party 29) has not officially endorsed or adopted the WP 136 opinion, leaves the question of what can be considered as ’identified’ open to interpretation and debate.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: data
  topic: keywords
subject: henkilötieto
  topic: keywords
subject: tunnistettavuus
  topic: keywords
subject: yleinen tietosuoja-asetus
  topic: keywords
subject: Euroopan unionin tuomioistuin
  topic: keywords
subject: tietosuoja
  topic: keywords
subject: personal data
  topic: keywords
subject: GDPR
  topic: keywords
subject: identification
  topic: keywords
subject: CJEU
  topic: keywords
creator: Yacine Ouarab
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Yacine Ouarab
date: 2023-11-21
publication date: 2023-11-21
starting page: 64
ending page: 80
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss1pp64-80

Discrimination or Democracy? Reviewing the French Veil Ban in Light of the European Convention on Human Rights
type: item
description: This article aims to examine the rhetoric and legal logic exercised in S.A.S. v France, where the European Court of Human Rights reviewed French national legislation which treads perilously upon codified European human right norms. This article focuses on the French ban on full-face coverings in public and critically analyzes the logic of the arguments utilized by France to defend the ban. The case commentary is enriched with an analysis of the political and social rhetoric that must not be ignored when discussing justice and law. Despite nearly a decade having passed since the verdict, it remains crucial to review the legal vocabulary utilized and understand how it complicated the Court’s analysis due to France framing the matter as a judgement over values. This rhetoric persists today, making it improbable to contest these violations beyond a national judicial system. The article seeks to challenge the complacency of the Court due to hesitation to make a judgement over values, despite its existence to safeguard specific values. It also encourages continued skepticism toward the Court’s ability to secure human rights and fundamental freedoms.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: Euroopan ihmisoikeustuomioistuin
  topic: keywords
subject: oikeusvertailu
  topic: keywords
subject: uskonnonvapaus
  topic: keywords
subject: freedom of religion
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative law
  topic: keywords
subject: European Court of Human Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: European Convention of Human Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Euroopan ihmisoikeussopimus
  topic: keywords
creator: Logan Sunnarborg
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Logan Sunnarborg
date: 2023-11-21
publication date: 2023-11-21
starting page: 40
ending page: 55
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss1pp40-55

A Situationally Sensitive Critique of the Space of Law School from a Queer and Trans Perspective
type: item
description: In this article, I explore the challenges of radical queer and trans critiques of law and life in two Finnish law schools. Drawing on critical theories and personal experience, I demonstrate how the space of law school exercises power to silence and ”other” radical queer and trans energies. The bulk of this article focuses on three specific moments when this power is exercised: when speaking up, dressing up, and looking around. I argue that this power dynamic is made possible by the ”apolitical” theories of law and legal expertise according to which a great majority of law schools are still structured. I conclude the article with a gentle encouragement: we can and should enter these sites of power with the desire to resist the power dynamics of the “apolitical” space of law school. This article is written with that desire – to resist conventional expectations of legal and academic writing. The opportunities are manifold.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: oikeusteoria
  topic: keywords
subject: critical legal studies
  topic: keywords
subject: oikeustieteen opetus
  topic: keywords
subject: valta
  topic: keywords
subject: legal theory
  topic: keywords
subject: power
  topic: keywords
subject: law schools
  topic: keywords
creator: Rakel Jylhä-Vuorio
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Rakel Jylhä-Vuorio
date: 2023-11-21
publication date: 2023-11-21
starting page: 10
ending page: 39
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss1pp10-39

”Joka ottaa vakuuttaakseen, ottaa vastatakseen” - Vakuutus vastuunrajoituskeinona yritysten välisissä sopimuksissa
type: item
description: In industries such as construction, maintenance and warehousing, business contracts typically include provisions concerning contracting partners’ insurance coverage. For example, under 38 § of the Finnish general conditions for building contracts (YSE 1998), it is stated that unless otherwise agreed, the main contractor is obligated to acquire a construction all risk policy to cover the actual construction site and all the subcontracts related to the main contract. If there is a breach of contractual obligations resulting to a property damage, it can be argued that the contract’s insurance provisions act as a limit of liability resulting in a situation where the party guilty of breach of contract is not legally liable for the damages covered by the policy. The findings of this article indicate that insurance provisions in business contracts can either limit or extend the parties’ legal liabilities for damages caused by breaches of contractual obligations.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: Vakuutus
  topic: keywords
subject: Vahingonkorvausoikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: sopimusoikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: vastuunrajoitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Insurance
  topic: keywords
subject: Contract law
  topic: keywords
subject: Liability for Damages
  topic: keywords
subject: Limit of Liability
  topic: keywords
creator: Artturi Mikkonen
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Artturi Mikkonen
date: 2023-11-21
publication date: 2023-11-21
starting page: 82
ending page: 104
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss1pp82-104

Henkissosiaalinen valtio: suojaako vihapuheen rajoittaminen demokratiaa?
type: item
description: A wayfarer once told about his childhood: “I grew up wandering in a horse carriage. Life was dangerous, my family was persecuted and discriminated. My father had to protect his children and keep a discipline. We had physical limits, but mentally we were free.” What is the difference between mental and physical limits? How does one categorize restrictions on freedom of speech, such as prohibiting hate speech? Are these restrictions mental, physical, or perhaps social? It is settled that law as a system is socio-mental by its nature, but freedom of speech is socio-mental also by its substance. How do socio-mental restrictions then fit our modern democratic model? The philosophical frame of reference of the article consists of enlightenment era literature on European democratic models, especially Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Law. It is concluded that in democracy’s struggle for existence, it may not be most useful to restrict hate speech as a crime. Democratic conversation could be improved in other ways, such as including minorities in public discussion.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: vihapuhe
  topic: keywords
subject: rasismi
  topic: keywords
subject: oikeusteoria
  topic: keywords
subject: Montesquieu
  topic: keywords
subject: hate speech
  topic: keywords
subject: racism
  topic: keywords
subject: legal theory
  topic: keywords
subject: restrictions of rights
  topic: keywords
subject: perusoikeuksien rajoittaminen
  topic: keywords
creator: Susanna Ahonen
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Susanna Ahonen
date: 2023-11-21
publication date: 2023-11-21
starting page: 56
ending page: 63
doi: 10.33344/vol17iss1pp56-63

Kauppalain soveltuminen tekijänoikeuslisenssiin
type: item
description: The article analyses the scope of the Finnish Sale of Goods Act in relation to intellectual property rights, focusing on copyright licenses that partially transfer or lease such rights. The research is based on an analysis of the scarce legal literature relevant to the subject and a comparison of this basis with recent case law, specifically the Finnish supreme court judgment KKO 2022:44, in which the court recognised the application of the Sale of Goods Act to a license. The objective of this article is to clarify the legal framework governing licenses as legal acts and to offer new perspectives based on recent case law. At the time of writing, the aforementioned case has not been extensively evaluated from this perspective, hence the article aims to highlight its potential interpretations. Given the increasing importance of licensing in modern information society, identifying the applicable norms to these legal acts is an important objective.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: tekijänoikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: kauppalaki
  topic: keywords
subject: kauppa
  topic: keywords
subject: immateriaalioikeudet
  topic: keywords
subject: lisenssi
  topic: keywords
subject: käyttöoikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: KKO 2022:44
  topic: keywords
creator: Jalmari Männistö
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Jalmari Männistö
date: 2023-10-23
publication date: 2023-10-23
starting page: 34
ending page: 57
doi: 10.33344/vol16iss2pp34-57

Korkein oikeus ja valitusluparatkaisujen perustelematta jättäminen
type: item
description: The Supreme Court exercises judicial power as the final instance in civil and criminal matters and supervises the judicial procedure within its field of competence. This article focuses on the Supreme Court’s practice of not giving reasons for its decisions to allow or dismiss applications for leave to appeal. In particular, the article examines whether the Supreme Court should give reasons for its decisions on applications for leave to appeal. The article tackles in a detailed manner the issue of not giving reasons for decisions to grant leave to appeal. The article argues that at the very least, decisions to dismiss appeals should be given reasons generally based on the accepted grounds of statutory interpretation, such as the wording of the law, respect for the general law, legal analogy, systematic interpretation, and the interpretation of the law in accordance with fundamental rights.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: prosessioikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: korkein oikeus
  topic: keywords
subject: valituslupapäätösten perusteleminen
  topic: keywords
subject: perusteluvelvollisuus
  topic: keywords
subject: perusoikeudet
  topic: keywords
subject: ennakkopäätöstuomioistuin
  topic: keywords
creator: Kristian Reilly
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Kristian Reilly
date: 2023-10-23
publication date: 2023-10-23
starting page: 58
ending page: 80
doi: 10.33344/vol16iss2pp58-80