Suomalaisen Lakimiesyhdistyksen aikakauskirja Lakimies on oikeustieteen johtava aikakauskirja, joka ilmestyy kahdeksan kertaa vuodessa. Lehdessä on omat osastot artikkeleita, katsauksia ja pienempiä kirjoituksia, keskustelupuheenvuoroja, oikeuskäytäntöä, kirjallisuutta sekä tiedotuksia varten. Lehti on Julkaisufoorumin tasolla 2, ja sille on myönnetty TSV:n vertaisarviointitunnus.
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Tämän verkkosivun sisällön tekijä- ja käyttötiedot <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Sivustollamme on tekijänoikeuden suojaamaa aineistoa. Aineisto lisensoidaan alla olevan Kopiosto-lisenssin ehdoin: <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Verkkosivun tekijänoikeudenhaltija © Suomalainen Lakimiesyhdistys ja kirjoittajat <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> Tekstit Useita tekijöitä. Tekijätiedot merkitty aineiston yhteyteen. <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> Kuvat Useita tekijöitä. Tekijätiedot merkitty aineiston yhteyteen. <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> Miten sivuston sisältöä saa käyttää? <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Tekijänoikeuslaki sallii julkistetun teoksen kopioimisen yksityiseen käyttöön, lyhyiden lainausten tekemisen sekä muun kuin videoiden ja näytelmäteosten esittämisen opetuksessa. Lisätietoa siitä, mitä tekijänoikeuslaki sallii, löydät täältä. <ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> Kuva- ja tekstisisällöt: <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Kuva- ja tekstiaineistoa saat tulostaa ja kopioida vapaasti henkilökohtaiseen käyttöön. Opetus- ja työkäyttöön saat tulostaa, jakaa ja kopioida sisältöä Kopioston kopiointiluvan ehtojen mukaisesti. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Kopioitko sivustolta kuva- tai tekstisisältöjä opetus- tai muuhun työkäyttöön? Raportoi kopioimasi sisältö Kopiostolle tällä raportointilomakkeella. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Muunlaiseen sisällön käyttöön, muokkaamiseen ja jakamiseen liittyen ota yhteyttä sivuston oikeudenhaltijaan. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Lakimiesyhdistys ei hyväksy kirjoitusten rinnakkaistallentamista, vaan yliopistot ja kirjastot voivat lisätä tietokantoihinsa suoran linkin journal.fi-palveluun. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25px; margin: 20px 0px 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: 'Noto Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
Sukupuoliyhteys lapsen kanssa – raiskaus vai ei?
Sexual intercourse with a child: Rape or not? The main question considered in the article is to what extent sexual intercourse with a child constitutes not only sexual abuse of a child, but also rape according to Finnish law and jurisprudence. The analysis is based on legislation, preparatory works, legal literature, and case-law. The case material consists of 63 cases where the defendant was accused both of rape and sexual abuse of a child. The main outcome was that the courts rarely consider sexual abuse of small children as rape. It appears that courts consider sexual abuse of children as rape mainly in two types of case. First, the legal provision on rape applies to such sexual abuse of a child where the perpetrator has forced a teenager into sexual intercourse by the use of violence. This kind of act can be deemed rape even if the violence used is relatively slight, like pushing or grabbing. Second, an act of rape can consist of such sexual abuse of a child where the perpetrator has taken advantage of a teenager being helpless because of inebriation or sleep. It seems that the courts do not consider children to be in helpless merely because of their age and the state of their physical and mental development. Prosecutors and courts have interpreted the concepts of fear and other helplessness narrowly and the argumentation in the preparatory works has offered a solid basis for such interpretation. However, this kind of narrow interpretation is in contradiction with the current European view that promotes effective and extensive protection of sexual integrity. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the Criminal Code provisions dealing with rape and sexual abuse of a child as well as the interconnection of these provisions.
Hajauttaminen, digitalisaatio ja osuustoiminta
Decentralisation, digitalisation and cooperativism The focus of the article is on how new digital instruments can be used for cooperative joint entrepreneurship based on decentralised decision-making. Specific attention is given to the possibilities of cooperativism in, firstly, platform economy and secondly, peer-to-peer financing. Practical examples for analysis are found in the ways how labour, agribusiness, intermediaries and consumption are reorganised jointly as platform-based digital cooperatives. In these parts of the article, the focus is in corporate law and corporate governance, instead of questions of e-commerce that are also highly relevant in the platform economy, especially in European and national regulatory contexts. Thirdly, focus is given to the question whether in cooperative entrepreneurship in digital environments there is any more a need for legal personality, as a cooperative society, or can joint cooperativism be based on contracts only, either using conventional contracts or smarter contracts based on distributed ledger technologies. Also, the author looks at the question of whether the future of cooperativism lies in totally digitalised and decentralised autonomous cooperative organisations.
KHO 2018:124 – Julkisia hankintoja koskeva muutoksenhakukielto
Copyright (c) 2019 © Suomalainen Lakimiesyhdistys ja kirjoittajat
"Sotaväen rikoslaista pärinää" – sota-ajan oikeusministeri Oskari Lehtosen näkemyksien tarkastelua
“Blather about the Military Penal Code” – An examination of the views of wartime Minister of Justice Oskari Lehtonen The article is based on the original notebooks of Oskari Lehtonen, who served as the Minister of Justice between 1940 and 1944, and other materials that illustrate his views. Due to his position, the Minister of Justice was assumed to have been a key person in ensuring that the rule of law was taken into consideration also in wartime. The article aims to provide answers to the following questions: To what extent did the Minister of Justice discuss legal questions in his notebooks and other materials? Did he present points of view relevant from the perspective of the study of conserving the rule of law? To which general and political outlook were the views of the Minister of Justice connected? Can general conclusions regarding the state of the rule of law in wartime be drawn based on the material? Notebook markings on legal questions as well as other materials suggest that Minister Lehtonen was willing to attach great importance to military expediency considerations even in decision making of a civilian nature. This can be considered a problem from the perspective of conservation of the rule of law. Minister Lehtonen's thinking is assumed to have been influenced by his role in the aftermath of the 1918 Civil War, in which military expediency was valued above the law. Minister Lehtonen's views appear to have been influenced also by his political views, above all by the firm belief in a German victory and, consequently, the military success of Finland. Owing to the small amount of material regarding Minister Lehtonen, a general assessment of the state of the rule of law in wartime cannot be presented in the article; the subject requires further research.
Syyttäjälaitoksen ja yleisten tuomioistuinten lainkäyttötyön digitalisaatio aineistopankkihankkeessa
Kohti digitaalisen ajan hallinto-oikeutta
Towards administrative law in the digital era Digitalisation is a silent revolution with wide effects on society, on individuals and on public administration and administrative law. Digitalisation calls for an assessment of the general doctrines of administrative law and the recognition of the timeless fundamentals among the concepts and principles of administrative law. Digitalisation changes the techniques and mentality of governance towards the use of software and data; these changes are well captured in the concept of governmentality developed by Michel Foucault. Software and data based platforms and platform centric networks became the basic model of organisation of public administration. Administrative law in general and specifically the Acts of Parliament and Acts of the European Union in the domain of administrative law are shaped by various inter-connected discourses: (1) general legal discourse seeking the realisation of the rule of law and fundamental rights and freedoms, (2) economic efficiency discourse with a quest for efficiency, productivity and economic growth, (3) moral-ethical discourse developing moral and ethical principles on justice and ethically sound conduct, and (4) a range of public management and administration and digitalisation development discourses with a quest for promotion of the use digital technologies as such or the use of them as means to promote quality, access and service delivery in public administration. Different discourses produce different elements into the law. In Finland there is a relative weakness of the general public administration development discourse and the general legal discourse in issues related to digitalisation and this weakens the balancing between efficiency and development considerations on the one hand and the rule of law criteria on the other hand. Within the legal discourse there are legitimate worries on an overemphasis of the data protection perspective. The restriction of administrative power and its connection to the procedures and limits of rule of law remains the concern of the administrative law. But administrative law needs to address the informational power and the framing power related to the use of data and software based platforms. Particularly automated decision-making and artificial intelligence call upon a new humanism-centric rule of law with a specific mission to ensure the position of and integrity of human beings in the world and an administration shaped by increasingly intelligent digital systems. A theoretical model of administrative law will otherwise be more like a continuation of the model of modern administrative law developed in the legal literature.
Verosuunnittelun tiede? Tapaustutkimus akateemisen verotutkimuksen sidonnaisuuksista
The jurisprudence of tax planning? A case study on conflicts of interest in academic tax law scholarship Doctrinal tax law scholarship seeks to offer normative prescriptions for judges and other lawyers on how to apply and interpret tax law. Even if doctrinal scholarship forms the mainstream of academic tax law research, there has been little discussion as to the kind of influence that it has on the tax system. Jurisprudential studies generally assume that legal scholarship adds positive elements to adjudication or that it promotes the legitimacy of the legal system and thus serves the public interest. The author seeks to question these assumptions by presenting a critical case study that demonstrates how legal scholarship can also function as a vehicle for private interests. Instead of promoting the legitimacy of the legal system, scholarship can also introduce bias into legal interpretation for purposes of advantage to private interest groups. In tax law, such interest groups consist of tax advisory companies and taxpayer groups that form their customer base. After presenting the case study, the author discusses the effects of tax law scholarship on the formation of tax law doctrine. As normative tax law scholarship is mainly produced by scholars working for tax advisory companies, the companies’ clients’ interests may also be reflected in their work. Because of a lack of transparency in adjudication, it is uncertain how often such tax law scholarship succeeds in influencing the rulings of judges in administrative courts.
Noteeraamattoman yhtiön vähemmistöosakkeen lunastushinta
Työelämätaitojen opettaminen ja oppiminen juristikoulutuksessa vastauksena digitalisaatioon
Teaching and learning legal work skills as a response to digitalisation The purpose of the article is to answer the following question: How should new societal challenges such as digitalisation be reflected in legal education? This article argues that developing legal education to meet the future needs of lawyers requires changing both students’ attitudes and the way lawyers are being taught. Innovative pedagogical experiments are one way of bringing new perspectives into legal education. Some of these experiments, such as moot courts and hackathons, are discussed in detail in this article. However, it is important not to forget that legal theory and legal thinking are still the core competencies of lawyers. What is more, students should be taught general knowledge and resilience skills in order to be able to meet the challenges brought about by digitalisation.
Tekoälyn tuotokset ja omaperäisyysvaatimus – kohti koneorientoitunutta tekijänoikeutta?
Lakimies-aikakauskirjan parhaan kirjoituksen palkinto 2018 Automated content production and originality in copyright law - towards a machine-oriented regime? Automation and artificial intelligence (AI) may be employed for the production of music, poetry, visual arts as well as other types of content, such as news. As the relevant technology develops, machines will be able to produce content in an increasingly independent manner. This calls for a reassessment of the eligibility of machine-generated content for copyright protection. Originality is a key concept in EU copyright law, much like in most copyright regimes. Copyright thereby protects intellectual creations as embodiments of their author’s personality, while there must be enough room for creative choices. This article elaborates on the concept of originality and its meaning and effects in the era of automation and AI. It also addresses different options of protecting AI-generated content within the copyright regime in a wide sense. The article comes to the conclusion that no more fragmentation is desirable, for example by introducing a dedicated related rights protection for AI-generated works. One possibility would be to move towards investment protection or a so called machine-oriented copyright which departs from traditional preconditions related to human input. However, from the romantic viewpoint on which the continental copyright law in particular rests, the best solution would be to stay with the human condition and let unoriginal machine-generated products fall into the public domain.
Koskeeko vakuutuksenantajan oikeus suojeluohjevähennykseen myös pelastamiskustannusten korvausta?
Savolainen, Hanna. Noteeraamattoman yhtiön vähemmistöosakkeen määrittäminen osakeyhtiölain 18 luvun mukaisissa lunastuksissa
Lyhennelmä virallisen vastaväittäjän, professori Veikko Vahteran Itä-Suomen yliopiston yhteiskuntatieteiden ja kauppatieteiden tiedekunnalle antamasta 5.7.2018 päivätystä lausunnosta.
Digitalisaatio ja algoritmit - oikeustiede hukassa?
Digitalisation and algorithmic decision making – jurisprudence at a crossroads? This paper shows that research into the digitalisation of law is crucial for understanding law in modern society. Digitalisation of law consists fundamentally of the digitalisation of legal practices, as both the day-to-day work as well as broader processes of legislation and conflict management are in flux. The central issue for jurisprudence springs not from technological change as such, but from the social, societal, and legal changes to which it gives rise. An overview of the on-going developments requires interdisciplinary dialogue between the relevant fields, as has been recognised very early on in Finnish legal informatics – for instance, the discussions from the 1980s on automated legal reasoning started out from the interplay of law, technology and society. These considerations are more relevant than ever as the effects of the development of information technologies are increasingly being felt throughout society. The effects of technological development disrupt the underlying assumptions of legal knowledge production and present an invigorating challenge to jurisprudence and legal methodology. It is not enough to examine digitalisation in terms of the surface level of legal provisions and norms; digitalisation will require interdisciplinary methods also in order for legal research to present well-founded legal arguments. Algorithmic decision- making is one such highly topical issue where the digitalisation of law calls for a multifaceted approach, as computational methods and machine learning are employed in order to produce recommendations for legal decisions. Here the interaction between different disciplines creates the opportunity for in-depth legal analysis and legal policy- making that the topic requires. Here, law needs to step up its game and grasp the opportunity for a re-examination of legal practices in a broader sense.
Järkäle eurooppalaisesta oikeushistoriasta
Can an artificial intelligence be a legal person? The article focuses on the legal personhood of artificial intelligences (AIs). It first distinguishes three perspectives: (1) the rights perspective, focusing on the rights of AIs; (2) the AIs-as-dangerous-entities perspective, pertaining to how AIs’ behaviour should be regulated; and (3) the AIs-as-commercial-actors perspective, with a focus on e.g. AIs’ entering into contracts. The author argues that AIs can hold rights if they become sentient or if they are taken to represent human interests; furthermore, holding AIs legally responsible may be meaningful as well. With regard to the commercial perspective, the article develops the tool–agent–person trifurcation into a two-dimensional analysis. The claim is that AI commercial legal personhood is best understood as consisting of an independence dimension and a separateness dimension, the former pertaining to whether the AI can e.g. independently enter into contracts and the latter to the separateness of the AI’s assets from those of e.g. the business that originally set up the AI.
Robotteja vakuuttamassa: autonomiset alukset esimerkkinä
Insuring robots – autonomous vessels as an example Robots are coming. How autonomous actors pay damages and why is, however, still an open question. We do not know how liability will be allocated. Insurance has been proposed as a way out of the liability quagmire. If and when insurance firms commit to pay, the liability question will lose some of its urgency. The article charts how useful insurance could be in governing robotisation. The case study focuses on marine insurance. The author first provides an overview of existing hull and P&I contracts and their readiness to accommodate autonomous vessels. After this preliminary exercise, the author moves to an analysis of insurance as a technology for sharing and transferring robot risks. The aim is to find out whether robots can be insured. The second part of the article revolves around insurance imaginaries. First, the author attempts to examine what risks and technologies marine insurance covers on one hand and, on the other, what is required to make vessels susceptible to insurance coverage. Second, the author attempts to identify the pressures that the move to maritime autonomy may exert on the insurance imaginary. In particular the article focuses on the transformations in risk, knowledge distribution patterns and solidarity. The second part contributes to an understanding of the robotic future of insurance. The technological and systemic nature of robot risks, coupled with their temporal instability, seem poised to make the insurance of robots a challenge. The increasing knowledge of the state of insured entities is likely to exacerbate the problem. Correspondingly, even if marine insurance is likely a particularly challenging robotic context, the future of robot insurance seems uncertain. It may be that existing insurance imaginaries simply cannot cope with robots.
Edunvalvojan edustusvalta ja päämiehen itsemääräämisoikeus
Guardian’s authority and principal’s right to self-determination According to Section 29(1) of the Finnish Guardianship Act,” [a] guardian has the legal authority to represent his or her principal in legal proceedings concerning the latter’s property and financial affairs.” The Act also provides the limitations to this general rule. The guardian holds apparent authority if the court does not stipulate otherwise when issuing the order, or unless otherwise provided by law. For example, the provisions of the Finnish Constitution can be seen as limiting the Guardian’s authority. In fact, in Finnish jurisprudence, there is a tendency for fundamental rights argumentation to be of increasing importance in resolving civil law issues. The author looks at the extent to which a guardian has, under such circumstances, the right to take binding legal action on behalf of the principal contrary to the latter’s will. In particular, the author discusses whether the principal’s right to self-determination limits the guardian’s authority when the principal’s legal competency has not been restricted. The answer to the research question is de lege lata that a guardian can take binding legal action against the will of the principal even when the principal’s legal competency has not been restricted; in other words, the principal’s right to self-determination does not limit the guardian’s authority.
Chatbot-sovellus osana viranomaisten neuvontapalveluja
Chatbot applications as a part of authorities’ advisory services The purpose of this article is to analyse what kind of limits the legislation sets to authorities when they use artificial intelligent (AI) technology for the implementation of digital advisory services. Additionally, the author examines how customers’ rights have to be taken into consideration when using new AI technology in the implementation of advice. A chatbot is an artificial-intelligence-based application that can replace a human in authorities’ routine advisory services. Under the Administrative Procedure Act (434/2003), the authorities have the duty to give advice as an administrative task. Section 124 of The Constitution of Finland limits the delegation of administrative tasks to others than the authorities. Due to this reason a chatbot application’s content management delegation is limited as regards the private sector. The legislation requires that the answers given by chatbots must be easy to understand, clear, to the point, faultless and sufficiently comprehensive. Advice given to the customers of administration may give rise to legitimate expectations. The protection of legitimate expectations underlines the duty of authorities to ensure that chatbots’ answers are of high quality. Under Article 32 of the GDPR, the authorities have to assess how an AI application affects customers’ rights and freedoms. For that reason the authorities have to evaluate risks in the deployment phase of AI applications as chatbots – the use of an application may fall within requirements of good governance, protection under the law and data protection.
KKO 2018:19 – Suunnatun osakeannin hyväksyttävyys
KKO 2018:37 – Yhteistyösopimuksen irtisanominen
Samastaminen rikosasiassa – Oikeustapauskommentti KKO 2018:20
Kokeilulainsäädäntö ja sen perustuslailliset reunaehdot
Experimental legislation and its constitutional constraints The article is an examination of the constitutional constraints regarding experimental legislation in Finland. When evaluating the constitutionality of legislation introducing a given experiment, the Constitutional Law Committee of the Finnish Parliament has mainly concentrated on the constitutional principle of equal treatment. In total, there are six evaluation criteria that can be derived from the Committee's practice on experimental legislation. Firstly, the experiment cannot deviate from regulatory requirements, such as the requirement that the exercise of fundamental rights be governed by parliamentary legislation. Secondly, it is possible to deviate from the requirement of equal treatment for purposes of obtaining information and experience on the effects of the experiment at hand. Such information should be objectively necessary and not available by any other means. Also, the limits set in the constitutional principle of non- iscrimination must be observed. Thirdly, the scope of the experiment must be defined directly by law. If this is not possible, the precise criteria for the definition of the scope of the experiment must be established by law. Fourthly, the subjects of the experiment must form a representative sample, sensibly from the point of view of achieving the objectives of the experiment. When compared to others in the experiment or to those outside the experiment, they may be placed in a different position only to the extent necessary to achieve the objectives of the experiment. Fifthly, experimental legislation may only be valid for a fixed period, which should be short. And finally, the implementation of the experiment, the collection of the results and the evaluation must be properly organized. The author argues that the Committee should develop its approach and look more deeply also to the principle of proportionality. The author concludes that the Committee should develop its way to analyse the aims, scope, duration and evaluation of an experiment.
Satelliittipaikannuksen häirintä lainsäädännön kohinassa
Legal aspects of GNSS jamming Our society is increasingly reliant on wireless communications and data utilisation. For its part, information related to positioning and timing is important for many operations and services. This development is further intensified with the Internet of Things in particular. Some of the (critical) societal infrastructure depends on satellite navigation, making the reliability of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) a particularly crucial issue. Furthermore, satellite navigation has been identified as a core factor for national competitiveness in the digital realm. This article examines intentional interference (jamming) of GNSS positioning from a legal perspective. The purpose is to systematise existing legal norms around radio communications and radio equipment in the light of EU law, while focusing on Finnish law. Regulation exists at international and EU levels to promote the efficient use of radio spectrum and the design of radio equipment so as to combat jamming; intentional interference is tackled also within the framework of the EU Galileo system, both in terms of authentication and of public regulated service (PRS). The author concludes that there is a lot of legislative noise around jamming, both at EU and national levels. The legislation is somewhat dispersed and mostly of a general nature, whereas a more uniform and encompassing approach within the EU would contribute to clarity. However, in a global networked environment, jammers for sale online from outside the EU. Therefore, ordinary people must be informed about the regulation and risks involved in using jammers.
Sustainability ja prosessit – kestävää siviiliprosessioikeutta?
Sustainability and procedure – sustainable civil proceedings? Sustainability scholarship established its position with the Brundtland Commission in 1987. Nowadays, sustainability scholarship is an ever expanding discipline that is gaining ground in Finland, gradually also beyond environmental and company law. Sustainability is associated with justice, as a fair balance of mutual claims and the obligations of the community. Legal proceedings can preserve all kinds of resources (human, physical, social and ecological capital). In the article, the author makes a distinction between weak and strong sustainability. Strong sustainability means the non-substitutability of ecological resources. The author introduces the concepts of sustainability-functionalism and sustainability-factualism. It is possible that mediation offers more opportunities for sustainability than litigation. In the restructuring of a company, the interests of creditors may be in conflict with the shareholders' interest in turning the company's course towards sustainable production. In the case of bankruptcy, the rights of creditors may run counter to the requirement that the funds of the estate be used to mitigate environmental damage. Ultimately, it is a political question whether it is for the company or for society to bear responsibility for mitigating environmental damage. The point is that environmental damage must be mitigated in any event.
Jotain rajaa! Voiko EU tehdä ihan mitä vaan? – Juristin roolista Euroopan integraatioprosessissa
Rikosnormatiivisen osaamisen parantaminen edistämällä opiskelijoiden tietoteoreettisia valmiuksia
Improving normative criminal law knowledge by enhancing students’ epistemological ability The article deals, firstly, with the epistemological ability of students, i.e., their awareness of the valid normative knowledge concerning criminal law and of the criteria for such normative knowledge. Secondly, the article examines whether the epistemological ability of students correlates with their knowledge of the normative criminal law. The author examines the validity of the following assumptions: (1) In the basic teaching of criminal law, the case method increases students' knowledge of the criteria for valid normative knowledge concerning criminal law; (2) an increase in epistemological awareness improves the ability of the students to process normative criminal law knowledge; (3) an in-depth ability to process normative criminal law knowledge does not correlate with exam success. The accuracy of the hypotheses is tested by analysing what sort of conception of knowledge the exam responses reflect and by assessing whether the conception of knowledge reflected in the responses correlates with normative knowledge and exam success. The analysed material consists of exam responses of law students on the basic criminal law course at the Faculty of Law of the University of Turku during the 2017–2018 academic year. The analysis is conducted by means of content analysis. The author demonstrates that the ability to process normative criminal law knowledge can be improved by enhancing students' epistemological ability. The analysis suggests, however, that the case method utilised in the basic criminal law course contributes to developing an in-depth understanding of the criteria for valid normative criminal law knowledge and a high-level ability to process normative criminal law knowledge for less than 60 % of the students. In addition, the author concludes that the evaluation method used in jurisprudence does not recognise in-depth knowledge. As a result, superficial normative knowledge can lead to as high a grade as normative in-depth knowledge.
Tutkimustieto yhteiskunnallisen päätöksenteon tukena – paikkatietoanalyysiin pohjautuva arvio vuoden 2019 käräjäoikeusuudistuksesta
Data as support for public policy: GIS-based analysis of the District Court reform of 2019 The District Court reform of 2019 abolishes seven District Courts and closes numerous courtrooms and court registry offices across Finland. Twenty District Courts, with 36 registry offices, remain. The topic of the analysis is how distances to the nearest District Court change in the reform and how well the reform produces a spatially optimised District Court network. Accessibility of District Courts is assessed by spatial data analysis, measuring distances from places of residence to the nearest court registry office. Currently, about 92 per cent of the population lives at a distance of less than 50 kilometres from the nearest District Court. Post-reform, this proportion falls to about 84 per cent. In the current District Court network, the average distance to the nearest District Court is 17.1 kilometres. Post-reform, that average increases by 6.2 kilometres. Also, the reform still produces a more local District Court network than what would be optimal. In areas where the distance to the nearest District Court increases by more than 20 kilometres, there are a total of 460,714 inhabitants, i.e. about 8.5 percent of the Finnish population. For a quarter of this population, the increase in the distance is more than 50 kilometres.
The many faces of a reasonable investor A reasonable investor is an international and central concept in the securities market regulation. It is considered as a standard for assessing, for example, the need to disclose insider information and provide information. It serves as a criterion for what information is essential. What is problematic is that a reasonable investor has not been defined exhaustively and unambiguously, even though it is a concept that cuts across the entire securities market. Generally, a reasonable investor is seen as an average investor. Research from various academic fields, however, shows that there are in fact different types of investor who have a wide range of investment strategies – each of which is reasonable in its own sense. The characteristics of a reasonable investor should be identified because the reasonable investor standard affects the disclosure obligations, according to which corporate information must be disclosed to the market. Differences between investors have been taken somewhat into account in the regulation of securities markets and in legal literature, but this process has not been systematic. In this article, the existence of different reasonable investor types is presented; in addition, an explanation is provided as to why the defining of these types should be based on the investment goals.
Ei vain oikeuskelpoisuutta – oikeussubjektikäsityksemme ongelmia ja uudelleenarviointia
Not only legal capacity – Problems and re-evaluation of our conception of legal personhood The prevalent Finnish conception of legal personhood equates it with legal capacity, i.e., the capacity to hold legal rights and owe legal duties. The author argues that this understanding is problematic. It stems from German private-law theory, and works relatively well within private law. However, it is problematic when applied to other areas of law: For instance, if the legislator wishes to extend rights to animals, it does not have to first endow animals with the capacity to hold rights; it can simply grant rights directly. After exposing numerous issues with the prevalent conception, the author suggests an alternative way of conceptualising legal personhood. According to this new view, legal personhood is a cluster concept, consisting of various rights and duties.