How do you Jew in Finland ?

Mercédesz Czimbalmos’s doctoral disserta­ tion Intermarriage, Conversion and Jewish Identity in Contemporary Finland is a ‘compil­ ation thesis’, that is a thesis consisting of pre­ viously published articles and an introductory chapter summarising the research. Four art­ icles form the basis of the dissertation: ‘Laws, doctrines and practice: a study of intermar­ riages and the ways they challenged the Jewish Community of Helsinki from 1930 to 1970’, published in Scandinavian Jewish Studies 30(1): 35–54 in 2019; ‘“Everyone does Jewish in their own way”: vernacular practices of intermarried Finnish Jewish women’, pub­ lished in Approaching Religion 10(2): 53–72 in 2020; ‘Yidishe tates forming Jewish families: experiences of intermarried Finnish Jewish men’, published in Scandinavian Jewish Studies 31(2): 21–40 in 2020; and ‘Rites of passage: conversionary in­marriages in the Finnish Jewish communities’, forthcoming in Journal of Religion in Europe in 2021. The dissertation, defended at Åbo Aka­ demi University in June 2021, is a part of the project ‘Boundaries of Jewish Identities in Contemporary Finland’, perhaps bet­ ter known as ‘Minhag Finland’. This review focuses on the introductory chapter, intro­ ducing the starting points and summarising the main results. Intermarriage, Conversion and Jewish Iden­ tity in Contemporary Finland is a solid doc­ toral dissertation, cohesive, stringent, concise and well­argued. Mercédesz Czimbalmos clearly states what she aims to do, which con­ cepts she will use, and how, and does what she sets out to do, and in a systematic fashion . The aim is clearly stated, the questions are reasonable, the perspective rewarding, the DOI: https://doi.org/10.30752/nj.112296 NJ

The dissertation, defended at Åbo Aka demi University in June 2021, is a part of the project 'Boundaries of Jewish Identities in Contemporary Finland', perhaps bet ter known as 'Minhag Finland'. This review focuses on the introductory chapter, intro ducing the starting points and summarising the main results.
Intermarriage, Conversion and Jewish Iden tity in Contemporary Finland is a solid doc toral dissertation, cohesive, stringent, concise and wellargued. Mercédesz Czimbalmos clearly states what she aims to do, which con cepts she will use, and how, and does what she sets out to do, and in a systematic fashion . The aim is clearly stated, the questions are reasonable, the perspective rewarding, the The topic -vernacular religion in the two (current) Finnish Jewish communities in Helsínki and Turku -is relevant from a scholarly perspective, and the research prob lem is concisely formulated. It is an excellent idea to use intermarriages as a prism to study vernacular religion and Jewish identity. This study indeed fills a gap, and it does so in at least two ways. Firstly, empirically through the archival and interviewbased studies, and secondly through the perspective.
The analytical concepts are clearly defined and systematically and coherently used. The craftsmanship is exemplary. Czimbalmos makes excellent use of the tools chosen and has a pragmatic attitude to theories that is commendable. The central perspective, ver nacular religion, is fruitful, and the elaboration of it as 'doing, being, and thinking Jewish' is both innovative and convincing, although the author does not present a method to assess it. * The employment of the findings in previous (US) scholarship on conversions as empirical generalisations to establish categories/themes for the analysis of the Finnish case also works well. However, a few other aspects could have been included/elaborated. Since the pro ject addresses identity, how members of the Finnish Jewish communities negotiate their Jewishness, the author might have considered using identity and identityformation the or ies. The author discusses such theories and Jewish identity as a context and as previous research, but not as a theoretical underpin ning. Another perspective that is employed, and successfully so, is gender. Considerations regarding gender even inform the research design. One study on men in mixed mar riages and one on women and a comparison of the two reveal significant differences. One of the main results of the thesis is that doing, being and thinking Jewish are remarkably gendered practices. Therefore, it might have * Vernacular religion is, following Leonard Norman Primiano, defined as: 'religion as it is lived: as human beings encounter, under stand, interpret, and practice it' (p. 39). It is stressed (and also amply demonstrated in the thesis, not least in the analysis of how legislative changes affected the community from 1918 and onwards) that 'the vernac ular approach enables multidimensional analyses that are sensitive to both overarch ing sociocultural power structures and the inner world of individual subjects them selves, as well as to narrative structures, local practices, and oral histories' (p. 39) and that it is therefore suited for the kind of study here discussed and I agree.
been a good idea to discuss gender in the theory section. Furthermore, the discussion of the cat egories and subcategories of marriages could have been elaborated. The types used work very well in the analysis, but they are not selfevident. For instance, 'religious' mar riage could have been mentioned as a separ ate category. In addition, three other types of 'marriages' might have been discussed: couples who choose to live together with out being married, for example cohabitation; marriages where both spouses are halakhic ally Jewish; and samesex marriages (both endogamous and exogamous). Cohabitation is mentioned, but the author claims that it would have required too much additional work to include couples living together with out being married, and maybe that is also the case. However, it would have been interest ing to compare how Jewish is being done, etc. by people in the different types of mar riage analysed here with couples who have chosen not to marry and with couples where both spouses are Jews according to halakhic definition (and of different or the same sex). Cohabitation is relevant to study because it helps circumvent some of the complications common in mixed and samesex relations. The endogamous category is interesting since spouses in such a marriage in some ways have leeway. However, I am not suggesting that further studies should have been conducted, only that these other types of 'marriages' could have been discussed when assessing the outcome of the cases studies.
The author uses a variety of methods. They are all clearly explained and motivated and skilfully and consistently used. However, since comparisons are a characteristic of the thesis, comparative aspects could have been stressed. The author makes both a diachronic (the first article) and a synchronic compari son (the comparison between the results in the three interviewbased studies), and uses the findings from the longitudinal archive based investigation in the interview stud ies but does not systematically discuss these comparisons as a part of her method. This is a pity, especially regarding the diachronic aspects. Had the author explicitly discussed comparisons as a method and formulated a research question concerning continuity and change, she could have highlighted her results concerning what changed and why and what remained unaffected in the Finnish Jewish marriage patterns and the strategies employed.
One way to facilitate an analysis stress ing continuity and change could have been to systematically use the results of an exten sive survey carried out by the author. Alas, the survey results are only used to formulate questions for the interviews. The argument for not including it as a separate study -the low response rate (around 10 per cent) -is reasonable and legitimate. However, leaving the survey out means that an opportunity is missed for both a systematic diachronic and a more systematic Nordic/Scandinavian com parison -the latter, furthermore, being one of the objectives of Minhag Finland. Omitting the survey rules out a systematic compari son with a similar study by Svante Lundgren (conducted in 2000 and published in 2002) and thus a diachronic comparison. This, in turn, has consequences for the comparisons with Lars Dencik's and David Fisher's studies of Swedish marriage patterns and thus for a discussion of a possible NordicJewish mar riage pattern. The author presents the main results in Lundgren's, Dencik's and Fisher's works, but they are not, in the same way as the American studies on conversions and inter marriage, a part of the analytical framework.
A few words about the thematic analyses (TA) employed are necessary to conclude the discussion of methodology. The themes used result from both a bottomup and a top down approach, and the author uses them skilfully in the analysis. The main themes are 'emotional connections to Jewish trad sitions, approaches of observing Jewish traditions, experiences of inclusion and exclusion and experiences of being and doing Jewish in Finland' (p. 52). They are organised in dif ferent ways in the different articles. In the studies of Jewish women and men in mixed marriages, the themes are divided into four main domains: 'Jewish holidays and trad itions, kashrut; Jewish education of (future) offspring and brit milah' (ibid.). In the study of conversions, the categorisation is based upon Sylvia Barack Fishman's model, where the informants are divided into three cat egories: 'activist, accommodating, and ambiv alent converts'. As a result of the analysis, the author modified this categorisation slightly and added the category of 'cultural converts'. The presentation of the Thematic Analysis and the themes created (pp. 52, 65-7) is reason able. However, it could have been slightly more specific, and it would have been helpful if the coding schedule had been added to the appendix.
The presentation of the sources and the collection and selection of data is clear and concise. Four types of materials are used. The most important category is the interviews with members (over the age of 18) of the Jewish communities in Helsinki and Turku, 101 in total in the Minhag Finland project as a whole, of which 28 (for articles II and III) plus 10 (for article IV) are used in the thesis. Furthermore, the author interviewed people who, in the 1970s and 1980s, had a central role in the Helsinki community and used their archives. In addition, she has, as mentioned above, conducted a survey based upon similar surveys conducted in other European countries, and not least Lundgren's survey published in 2002. Finally, the author has utilised (and also organised and digit ised) vast amounts of archival sources from the communities studied (records, minutes from board meetings, correspondence etc.) and also from the Jewish community in Stockholm (article I).
The interviews were collected in 2018-19. They are semistructured (and lasted 1 ½-2 hours each). The informants were asked about 'family origin, upbringing, dietary habits, family and personal life, local cus toms in the synagogue and the home, as well as perceptions of Judaism and the self ' (p. 47). The author identifies her position as an interviewer as a 'participantasobserver'. Czimbalmos has done impressive work in the archives, sifting through vast quantities of documents of different kinds. Furthermore, the archival research results inform the interviewbased studies; they provide themes for the analysis of the interviews. However, Czimbalmos could have been more specific, especially when describing and discussing the archival sources from the Helsinki, Turku and Stockholm communities. Which type of sources were used to answer which questions? How did the minutes from the board meet ings complement the marriage and birth reg istries? What was found in the correspond ence, and what was found in the archive of Rabbi Uri Schwarz? How was Meliza Amity's genealogical database utilised?
What then are the main results? The longitudinal study based on archival sources convincingly demonstrates that the Finnish bureaucratic and legislative regulations, especi ally the 1917 Civil Marriage Act and the 1922 Freedom of Religion Act, 'affected the policies, customs, and habits of the Jewish Community of Helsinki' (p. 36). The rising number of intermarriages, (in part) a conse quence of these regulations, caused changes in the community's 'religious practices and administrative system' resulting in 'policies that affected not only the registration of membership but also the later policies of the congregation' (ibid.), not least regarding con versions. This affected the debates on and the understanding of Jewish identity.
The interview studies show that Jewish women in mixed marriages 'often combine models from different traditions instead of abandoning Judaism altogether; they "do Judaism" in their own way by creating and [re]inventing traditions they find meaning ful for themselves and their families' (p. 36). On the other hand, Jewish men in mixed mar riages 'used their ties to their cultural heritage to increase their ability to raise their children effectively' (ibid.). Furthermore, the 'practices of intermarried Jewish men and their families are … polarized by certain attributes of the gendertraditional realm of Judaism' (ibid.). It is thus evident that 'the gender differences among the informants are remarkable' (p. 85). Doing, being and thinking Jewish are heavily gendered practices.
The thesis also offers new knowledge regarding conversions. The converts all went through the formal conversion process to Judaism after becoming romantically involved with their Jewish partners. However, they 'did not convert for only personal reasons but also to secure the unity of their families and to be able to provide a Jewish upbringing to their children through a form of cultural transmis sion that was developed in the Finnish Jewish communities during the twentieth century' (p. 37). Czimbalmos notes that 'this form of transmission might not necessarily follow an Orthodox perception of tradition, despite the local congregations following a form of the Orthodox Jewish halakha, but it is enhanced by the fluid approaches of both the congre gations and their members' (ibid.). The con versions are also gendered in nature 'despite the practice of early childhood conversions of children from intermarriages' (p. 85).
Czimbalmos concludes that in the Finnish Jewish context, 'Judaism is a truly "practice based religion". The practices through which the informants … establish their Jewish iden tities, however, are often closely tied to Jewish culture rather than to Jewish religion' (p. 86).
These results are convincing and presented in constant dialogue with previous research, making it easy to identify Czimbalmos's orig inal and most important contributions to the field. She set out to fill a gap, and she did.  LARS M. ANDERSSON Faculty opponent, senior lecturer at the Department of History and Director of the Forum for Jewish Studies at the Department of Theology, both at Uppsala University