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Nordic Yearbook of Population Research

The Ripple Effect
Childbearing histories and retirement timing in six Central and Eastern European countries

Authors

Linda Kridahl
Södertörn University
Daniel Seldén
Department of Social Work, School of social sciences, Södertörn University, Sweden.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9851-2770

DOI

https://doi.org/10.23979/nypr.157097

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Abstract

In Western societies, childbearing histories play a crucial role in shaping labour force participation and retirement timing, contributing to late-life socioeconomic inequalities. Yet, the link between childbearing histories and retirement remains underexplored in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). This study investigates the risk of retirement by being a parent, age at first birth, parity, the age of the youngest child, and birth spacing in six CEECs among women and men born 1940-1950 (retiring 1990-2020). Retirement risks were estimated separately for each country and gender using event history analysis (reported as hazard ratios). In this context, lower retirement risk indicates later retirement, while higher risk reflects earlier retirement. The results show that parents generally retire later than non-parents, particularly among women in Slovenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Estonia, and among men in Poland, Slovenia, and Croatia. Delayed parenthood and higher parity are associated with later retirement only for women in the Czech Republic and Estonia. Having younger children is generally linked with later retirement across most countries among women and men. Longer birth spacing is associated with later retirement only among women in the Czech Republic and Estonia, while in other countries, there is no association, or it is reversed (Poland). In conclusion, childbearing histories show modest associations with retirement timing in Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, and Poland, but exhibit stronger associations in the Czech Republic and Estonia. However, ongoing political, cultural, economic, and demographic changes may shape more pronounced patterns among future cohorts.

 

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DOI
Published
November 28, 2025
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Section
Articles
Keywords Childbearing histories, retirement, life course, Central and Eastern Europe, communist era
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Kridahl, L., & Seldén, D. (2025). The Ripple Effect: Childbearing histories and retirement timing in six Central and Eastern European countries. Nordic Yearbook of Population Research, 58, 27-58. https://doi.org/10.23979/nypr.157097
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