A Panpsychist Theory of Shamanism

Authors

• Olof Ohlson The University of Gothenburg and The Federal University of Sao Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1819-9658

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30676/jfas.148437

Abstract

This paper develops a quadripartite panpsychist theory of shamanism(s). This fourpart framework revives and combines four theories: (i) mystical constructivism, (ii) role-taking theory, and (iii) mental imagery cultivation as a cultural practice founded upon (iv) a panpsychist philosophy of ultimate reality. I argue that this quadripartite model allows for the recognition of something ‘real’ in shamanic altered states of mind whilst maintaining epistemological sensitivity to local differences. Spirit is just another word for mind, and shamanism is an exploration of consciousness by means of consciousness.

Keywords: shamanism, panpsychism, altered states of consciousness, role-taking theory, universalism vs. particularism