Uralica Helsingiensia
type: channel
description: Uralica Helsingiensia -sarjassa julkaistaan suomalais-ugrilaisissa kieliaineissa tehtäviä tutkimuksia, alan kannalta keskeisiä artikkelikokoelmia sekä muita tutkimusta ja opiskelua tukevia materiaaleja. Sarjassa julkaistaan myös Viroon, Unkariin ja saamelaisuuteen liittyviä tutkimuksia sekä sellaisia suomalais-ugrilaiseen kielentutkimukseen ja itämerensuomalaisiin kieliin liittyviä tutkimuksia, jotka eivät esimerkiksi laajuutensa takia sopisi hyvin Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran tai muihin alan julkaisuihin.
publisher: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
language: fi
publication name: Uralica Helsingiensia
issn: 1797-3945
items: Future perspectives and scenarios on the existence and impact of written media in Inari Saami: The major role of the digital newspaper Anarâš aavis in language revitalization
items: Лылыӈ ла̄тыӈ – Living Language: Challenges of applying modern pedagogy to an endangered language
items: Municipalities and the Sami languages: Experiences of language policy and planning in the Sami homeland region (Finland) in the 2020s
items: Discussions on the intergenerational transmission of the Sámi languages in Finland
items: Factors of difference in the language behavior of rural and urban Mari
items: Language proficiency, education, and language attitudes in Skolt Sami communities between the 1850s and 2020s
items: Ideological discourses in the Bolsheviks’ narratives and Udmurt media in the 1920s and 1930s
items: Declining population trajectories: Russia and Her Uralic Minorities
items: Introduction: Closing doors and opening new horizons
items: Ein indogermanisches Wort für ‚Bart‘ und die lateinische palma-Regel
items: Vorwort
items: Esipuhe
items: Lit. tautà und ung. tót Ein slawisch-ungarischer Beitrag zu einem alten baltischen etymologischen Problem
items: Palataalidissimilaation kätkemiä balttilaislainoja
items: Lounaisitämerensuomalaiset denominaalit johtimet *-As (: *-AhA-), *-k̆As ja *-k̆kAs
items: The palaeo-Baltic substrate: a methodological exploration
items: A Germanic etymology for Saami liiki ‘(human) skin’
items: Estonian kelp ‘hip side of a roof’ as compared to Finnish keula ‘prow’
items: Ein Fall für zwei (oder drei) – Liquid metathesis substitution in Germanic loanwords in Finnic: old and new cases
items: Uralic *tuppas – bridging Indic and Germanic
items: Altgermanische Paarformeln mit der Bedeutung ‚überall‘
items: Rajakarjalaismurteiden refleksiiviverbeistä
items: On the use of perfect and pluperfect in Estonian dialects
items: Venäjän kielen vaikutus tverinkarjalan murteiden äännejärjestelmään
items: A new resource for Finnic languages
items: Kielikorpuksia Suomen itärajalta
items: Expeditions among the Lutsi Estonians and the design of Language Learning Materials
items: Syntactic and aspectual functions of Latvian verbal prefixes in Livonian
items: Borrowing morphology
items: Mutual contacts and lexical relations among the Finnic varieties of western Ingria and northeastern Estonia

Future perspectives and scenarios on the existence and impact of written media in Inari Saami: The major role of the digital newspaper Anarâš aavis in language revitalization
type: item
description: In this article, we look at journalism in Inari Saami from a future perspective. In particular, we look at the newly established Anarâš aavis digital newspaper and its role in language revitalization. Our aim and research question is to construct future scenarios for Anarâš aavis using the Futures Table model. This is a topical issue, as the Inari Saami community is having to change its strategy in order to secure funding for its publishing activities, i.e. publishing the magazines Anarâš and Loostâš for members of the Anarâškielâ Servi association. With the future in mind, we look at the situation prior to Anarâš aavis and at the end of the first three months of publication, based on our experiences as editors. We also look at a way forward to increase our publishing activities. We will make use of the feedback received by the editorial team and the discussions with readers and potential contributors. As a result, we propose three possible future scenarios: the current model, a model that is closer to a printed newspaper, and a hybrid of the two. The main goal is to secure publishing activities in Inari Saami from the perspective of language revitalization.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Marja-Liisa Olthuis
creator: Fabrizio Brecciaroli
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 259
ending page: 287
doi: 10.33341/uh.148799

Лылыӈ ла̄тыӈ – Living Language: Challenges of applying modern pedagogy to an endangered language
type: item
description: The article provides an overview of the realization of a Mansi language textbook and challenges involved in the editorial process. The textbook is designed for second language learners, primarily European university students. Mansi is a severely endangered Uralic language spoken in Western Siberia. Although the Mansi language is taught to native speakers in schools and universities to some extent, it is not utilized as the language of instruction. The existing teaching materials are intended for native speakers and reflect old Soviet-style pedagogy. Through this project, we have developed a modern-style textbook based on contemporary Western pedagogy for use in university teaching.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Csilla Horváth
creator: Susanna Virtanen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 235
ending page: 257
doi: 10.33341/uh.148681

Municipalities and the Sami languages: Experiences of language policy and planning in the Sami homeland region (Finland) in the 2020s
type: item
description: This article analyzes the current state of language policy and planning as it is experienced by the actors in the multilingual municipalities in the Sami homeland region in Finland. The analysis is based on a theoretical-methodological model, known as the “onion metaphor”, that was originally described by Thomas Ricento and Nancy H. Hornberger. In the analysis, in addition to the local speech community, five administrative and implementation levels spanning from the local level to the international level are recognized. The agents operating on those levels and the interaction between them are also described. The aim of this qualitative analysis is to understand how national language policy and language attitudes affect the speech community via municipalities and how the negative impact could be reduced and the positive impacts increased. The research has been conducted by analyzing data collected via an online survey, interviews, and by examining language-policy documents. The results show that municipality actors are aware of the existing problems and are motivated to solve them, but they feel unable without help from the national level. Many problems are connected to the contradiction between the regulations set by national legislation and the insufficient funding provided to fulfill them. The current legislation is also clearly outdated and needs to be renewed.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Taarna Valtonen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 201
ending page: 233
doi: 10.33341/uh.148680

Discussions on the intergenerational transmission of the Sámi languages in Finland
type: item
description: In the context of language shift and revitalization, speech communities of endangered languages often struggle with the transmission of their languages from one generation to another. This chapter focuses on the transmission of the Inari, North, and Skolt Sámi languages in Finland. The study’s main data consists of recorded livestreams of Kielineuvola, language consultation services for Sámi and Sámi-speaking families. In these livestreams, I examine questions that parents addressed to Kielineuvola, and the discussion around these questions by the counselors and experts of Sámi languages and children’s multilingualism. Another part of the data includes news items and reports related to intergenerational language transmission, published on the news platform of Yle Sápmi during the period 2013–2023. Through these data, I examine what kind of questions parents have concerning intergenerational transmission of Sámi languages, how intergenerational language transmission is discussed in the Sámi media, and finally, what the data tells about the needs of the Sámi communities for strengthening their languages. Common topics of both parental questions and media data relate to new speaker parents transmitting Sámi languages as well as language transmission outside the Sámi homeland region, and the importance of children’s content in Sámi languages. The data underlines the importance of supporting parents transmitting Sámi languages to their children and professionals working with Sámi-speaking families.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Annika Pasanen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 167
ending page: 199
doi: 10.33341/uh.148679

Factors of difference in the language behavior of rural and urban Mari
type: item
description: The paper elucidates the factors of difference in the language behavior of rural and urban Mari, a Finno-Ugric people, living in the Mari El region (Russia). All conclusions are based on the results of fieldwork done in Mari El in 2016–2022. This included eight interviews (face-to-face, telephone) in the city of Yoshkar Ola and in villages in the Sovetskiy, Orshanka, and Novyi Toryal districts (Mari El). All factors were conventionally grouped into objective factors, i.e. those that do not depend on the participants themselves, and subjective factors, in which they make individual choices. Both groups of factors are strongly intertwined and mutually influence one another. The conclusions were supported by presumptions from previous research projects.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Elena Vedernikova
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 147
ending page: 166
doi: 10.33341/uh.148678

Language proficiency, education, and language attitudes in Skolt Sami communities between the 1850s and 2020s
type: item
description: In this article, we describe the changes in language skills, education, and language attitudes of the Skolt Sami between the 1850s and 2020s and analyze the reasons for these changes. The description and analysis are based on an in-depth reading and interpretation of existing older sources and present-day interviews. The Skolt Sami territories are divided between three countries: Russia, Norway, and Finland. Since the nineteenth century these territories have been increasingly colonized by members of the majority cultures, but also by several linguistic and cultural minorities. Due to this, the Skolt Sami have been a highly multilingual people and have known, in addition to their own language, one or more often several languages. Their language proficiency has varied according to their language contacts. For a long time, the Skolt Sami communities saw multilingualism as a positive value, as it helped individuals to cope in varying situations and contexts. The same ideology was dominant in connection to the value given to schooling and education in general, even though this was only available in majority languages. However, practical obstacles to education during and after elementary education were often perceived. From World War II, and in Norway even before, language attitudes began to change rapidly and the nationalistic ideal of monolingualism started to gain ground. To learn other, larger languages was viewed as more important than knowing Skolt Sami. This was caused by forced assimilation, which was practiced especially in schools from the early twentieth century on, and by negative attitudes of the majority populations, especially peer groups. Since the late twentieth and early twenty-first century language attitudes have started to change yet again, and an active language revitalization process has started. At present, schools and other educational institutions have become one of the most important actors in processes of language revitalization.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Taarna Valtonen
creator: Markus Juutinen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 95
ending page: 146
doi: 10.33341/uh.148676

Ideological discourses in the Bolsheviks’ narratives and Udmurt media in the 1920s and 1930s
type: item
description: In this article, I examine the ideological discourses of the Bolsheviks regarding the national policy towards the peoples of the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s, and I investigate how these discourses were reflected in the Udmurt media, particularly in the journal Kenesh, later renamed Molot in 1935. I employ the method of critical discourse analysis (Wodak 2014, 2009) to explore how the discourses of “us” and “them” were constructed, the attributes they were associated with, the modality and argumentation they presented, and the ways in which they were mitigated or intensified. The research findings reveal that despite the Bolsheviks’ rhetoric about liberating peoples from the oppression of Tsarist Russia and the dominance of other nations, the linguistic narrative suggests that the Bolsheviks themselves implemented top-down policies, othering the peoples of the Soviet Union by depicting the negative “them” as “backward”, thus excluding them from the positive “us” construction. Udmurt authors mirrored the Bolshevik narratives and constructed negative portrayals of “us”, particularly depicting a “backward Udmurt people living in darkness”. The primary successful endeavor of the positive “us – the Udmurts” narrative was the establishment of a national autonomous region for the Udmurts in 1920, which became the main symbol of Udmurt agency during the 1920s. However, by the 1930s, with the strengthening of ideological propaganda, the narrative of “us – the Udmurts” became entirely aligned with the Party. Most of the participants in nation-building efforts during the 1920s faced repression in the 1930s, and consequently, since then, all decisions were made centrally, depriving the Union’s peoples of any agency.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Svetlana Edygarova
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 53
ending page: 93
doi: 10.33341/uh.148674

Declining population trajectories: Russia and Her Uralic Minorities
type: item
description: In the early 1990s, Russia’s population entered a period of negative growth. Since then the number of deaths has almost uninterruptedly exceeded the number of births and net migration has mostly not been large enough to compensate for the natural decrease (excess of deaths over births). Taken together, the Uralic peoples form a nearly two-million-strong and internally heterogeneous fraction of the country’s population. Beginning from the first post-World War II census conducted in 1959, this paper examines the population dynamics of the Uralic minorities in the context of the development of the whole country, ethnic Russians, and Tatars. Compared with these reference groups, the post-Soviet intercensal periods show multiple decline rates for most Uralic groups. In contrast to the overall picture, a number of groups included in the category of the indigenous peoples of the North have demonstrated rapid growth. Population changes are discussed in the light of fragments of information available on fertility, mortality, and assimilation. Particular emphasis is devoted to the factor of assimilation and estimates of its magnitude are presented.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Seppo Lallukka
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 13
ending page: 51
doi: 10.33341/uh.148673

Introduction: Closing doors and opening new horizons
type: item
subject: (muut, kuten johdanto)
  topic: section
creator: Outi Tánczos
creator: Svetlana Edygarova
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 7
ending page: 11
doi: 10.33341/uh.148671

Ein indogermanisches Wort für ‚Bart‘ und die lateinische palma-Regel
type: item
description: A PIE word for ‘beard’ and the Latin palma rule This article discusses one of the words for ‘beard’ reconstructible for the IE protolanguage based on Latin, Germanic, Baltic, and Slavic evidence. It is usually reconstructed as PIE *bhar(s)dh-o/eh2- with *-a- of unknown origin. In this article, a new etymology will be proposed: The word for ‘beard’ stems from an underlying compound consisting of an s-stem *bherH-e/os- ‘sth. sharp, point, tip’ and zero-grade *dheh1- ‘to set, place, lay’. This compound was later remodelled into an o-stem *bhorHs-dh-ó- displaying a o-grade in the root (a so-called τομός-formation) meaning ‘the one who sets points’ accounting for the Germanic forms. Additionally, a zero-grade eh2-collective *bhŕ̥Hs-dh-eh2 ‘mass of points’ was formed eventually leading to Latin barba. Finally, a contamination of the two stems *bhorHs-dh-eh2- develops into the Baltic and Slavic forms.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Gudrun Samberger
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 41
ending page: 59
doi: 10.33341/uh.148321

Vorwort
type: item
subject: (muut, kuten johdanto)
  topic: section
creator: Santeri Junttila
creator: Marko Pantermöller
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 13
ending page: 19
doi: 10.33341/uh.148320

Esipuhe
type: item
subject: (muut, kuten johdanto)
  topic: section
creator: Santeri Junttila
creator: Marko Pantermöller
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 7
ending page: 12
doi: 10.33341/uh.148318

Lit. tautà und ung. tót Ein slawisch-ungarischer Beitrag zu einem alten baltischen etymologischen Problem
type: item
description: A litván tautà és a magyar tót szavak eredete: szláv és magyar adalékok egy régi balti etimológiai problémához Bár a litván tautà ’nép, ország’ szó nyilvánvalóan összefügg az indoeurópai *teu̯téh2 ’nép’ szó családjával, a részletek bizonytalanok, mivel a litván szó egy szabálytalan, o-vokalizmusú alakra megy vissza. Ez a tanulmány egy mindeddig figyelmen kívül hagyott aspektussal járul hozzá ezen etimológiai probléma megoldásához: a magyar tót szóval, melynek legkorábbi jelentése ’Kárpát-medencei szláv’. Jelen dolgozat kimutatja, hogy a tót szónak se a népszerű germán, se az újonnan javasolt balti etimológiája nem helytálló, noha az alapgondolat, a fentebbi *teu̯téh2 szóval való összefüggése logikus. Helyette azt a történetileg, szociolingvisztikailag és tipológiailag kézenfekvő és (a részletes tárgyalás alapján) formailag lehetséges javaslatot teszi, hogy a tót eredetileg a Kárpát-medencei szlávság önelnevezése volt s ezt vette át a honfoglaló magyarság. Ha ez helytálló, akkor a tautà o-vokalizmusa valójában nem balti, hanem balto-szláv probléma, ugyanis a tót szó ugyanarra az o-vokalizmusú formára megy vissza. Mivel ez fonológiai vagy morfológiai alapon nem magyarázható, jelen írás J. E. Rasmussen kelta jövevényszó-javaslatát támogatja és részletesen elemzi, mely kölcsönzési forgatókönyvek (milyen nyelvek és nyelvfázisok) jöhetnek számításba.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Zsolt Simon
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 255
ending page: 272
doi: 10.33341/uh.148317

Palataalidissimilaation kätkemiä balttilaislainoja
type: item
description: Durch palatale Dissimilation verschleierte baltische Lehnwörter Die ins Urfinnische entlehnten baltischen Wörter haben in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen einige alte Züge bewahrt, die sogar das altertümliche Litauische verloren hat. Diese werden hier um eine Vokalvertretung ergänzt: in den ostseefinnischen Baltismen ist das urbaltoslawische *i erhalten (o. mit *e substituiert worden), das in gewissen Wortsippen im Ostbaltischen zu *u, und weiter in gewissen Formengruppen durch die ostbaltische Dehnstufe zu *ī o. *ū geworden ist. Zinkevǐčius (1966: 67–68) beschreibtt den Wandel i > u in den litauischen Mundarten. In den meisten von ihm präsentierten Fällen folgt der Vokal einem postalveolaren Zischlaut š, ž oder č. Vor i sind die Konsonanten immer palatalisiert, und diese Palatalisierung ist während dem Vokalwandel bewahrt. Urbutis (1982: 125–126) erwähnt weitere Fälle, die nahezu alle nach š, ž oder č auftreten. Smoczyński (2022) nimmt an, dass dieser Wandel mindestens bei einem Wortstamm, žir- ~ žiur-, allgemeinlitauisch auftritt. Er definiert ihn als eine palatale Dissimilation C´i > C´u. Den lit. Formen žiur- [ž́ur-] u. žiūr- [ž́ūr-] entsprechen im Lettischen žur- (< *ž́ur-) u. žūr- (< *ž́ur-), was zeigt, dass die Dissimilation wahrscheinlich urostbaltisch war. Der Unterschied zwischen den *ž́ī̆r- und *ž́ū̆r-Formen war vielleicht am Anfang rein regional, aber danach haben die beiden sich auf denselben Gebieten verbreitet und in verschiedenen Bedeutungen eingebürgert. Dagegen fehlte die Dissimilation in der Ausgangssprache der ostseefinnischen Baltismen, dem sogenannten Nordbaltischen, wo *i meistens erhalten, vor Liquida aber oft zu *ẹ gewandelt wurde. Das inchoative lit. ‌žiùrti ~ ‌žiū̃rti : žiùrsta ~ žiūra : žiùro ‚zu sehen beginnen‘ gehört zu žìrti : žỹra (< *ži-n-ra) : žìro ‚funkeln; vor Augen flimmern‘. Das i geht auf die idg. Nullstufe (*ir < *r̥) zurück. Ein ähnliches Vokalverhältnis 'ū̃ ~ ī̃ ist im Verbpaar lit. žiūrė́ti : žiū̃ri ~ žiū̃r…
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Santeri Junttila
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 207
ending page: 253
doi: 10.33341/uh.148316

Lounaisitämerensuomalaiset denominaalit johtimet *-As (: *-AhA-), *-k̆As ja *-k̆kAs
type: item
description: Southwest Finnic denominal derivative suffixes *-As (: *-AhA-), *-k̆As and *-k̆kAs In this article, I examine Southwest Finnic variants of the derivative suffixes *-As (: *-AhA-), *-k̆As and *-k̆kAs. The suffixes themselves are common in Finnic, but the distribution of certain words formed with the suffixes gives reason to assume a local development of the use of the suffixes. Southwest Finnic linguistic forms mentioned in the article are Courland and Salaca Livonian, and the insular and western dialects of North Estonian. The suffix *-As (: *-AhA-) has spread analogically in the Livonian lexicon and the function of the suffix in Livonian to some extent resembles that of the Latvian nominative singular suffix. The suffix *-k̆As is secondary, deriving from the merger of *-k̆A and *-As. The suffix *-k̆kAs is also secondary and derives in Southwest Finnic from the merger of the suffixes *-kkA and *-As. In total, 19 word stems with the suffixes *-As, *-k̆As and *-k̆kAs have a Southwest Finnic distribution, evidencing the innovative addition of the suffixes.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Patrick O’Rourke
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 163
ending page: 205
doi: 10.33341/uh.148315

The palaeo-Baltic substrate: a methodological exploration
type: item
description: Substraattisanasto Itämeren alueen kielissä: huomioita tutkimus­metodeista Useat tutkijat, tunnetuimpana Paul Ariste, ovat esittäneet, että indoeurooppalaisten kielten ohella myös alkuperältään tuntemattomat kielet ovat vaikuttaneet itämerensuomen sanastoon. Ehdotus on kuitenkin saanut suhteellisen vähän huomiota eikä sen selvittelemiseen ole yleisesti hyväksyttyjä kielitieteellisiä menetelmiä. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen erilaisia metodologisia lähestymistapoja yhdistelemällä kielihistoriallista tietoa itämerensuomalaisista ja balttilaisista kielistä. Johtopäätöksenä totean, että monet aiemmat ehdotukset perustuvat pelkkään semantiikkaan ja alkuperänselityksen puuttumiseen, mikä ei riitä perustelemaan substraattialkuperää. Epäuralilainen fonotaksi tai morfologia eivät nekään voi todistaa nimenomaan ei-indoeurooppalaisesta substraatista. Vahvana voimme pitää alkuperäväitettä vain, jos sen tueksi löytyy vähintään kaksi toisistaan riippumatonta leksikaalista todistetta ja jos keskinäinen lainautuminen tai yhteinen perimä voidaan sulkea pois. Emme voi osoittaa kantasuomen sanaa *sīka ’siika’ lainaksi jostakin substraattikielestä, koska todisteeksi ei ole löydettävissä ainuttakaan minkään muun kielen sanaa, joka ei voisi palautua lainaan itämerensuomesta. Toisaalta kantasuomen *silakka, preussin sylecke ja muinaisskandinaavin síld ’silakka’ näyttävät hyviltä ehdokkailta rinnakkaisiksi substraattilainoiksi. Muita artikkelissa käsiteltyjä mahdollisia substraattilainoja ovat kulkusanoilta vaikuttavat ’tuhatta’ merkitsevät kantasuomen *tuhante̮-, kantamordvan *t́ožəm-, kantabaltin *tū’stant- jne., joitten äännesuhteet ovat ongelmallisia niin indoeurooppalaisten kuin uralilaistenkin kielihaarojen välillä, sekä ’sammalta’ merkitsevät kantabaltin *samanā-, kantasuomen *sammal, pohjoissaamen seamul jne., jolla saamessa on useita hankalasti yhteen sovitettavia variantteja, mikä viittaisi lähtömuotoon muinaislapissa, Aikion ehdottamassa substraattikielessä. Tämän aineiston per…
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Anthony Jakob
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 123
ending page: 162
doi: 10.33341/uh.148314

A Germanic etymology for Saami liiki ‘(human) skin’
type: item
description: Germaaninen etymologia saamen liiki ’iho’ -sanalle Yleissaamelainen ’ihoa’ merkitsevä sana, pohjoissaamen liiki, koltansaamen le'šǩǩ ym. on toistaiseksi ollut vailla vakuuttavaa etymologiaa; esitetty (laina)rinnastus itämerensuomen liha-sanaan on varsinkin äänteellisesti ongelmallinen. Artikkelissa esitetään uutena selityksenä sanan olevan germaaninen laina, lähinnä kantaskandinaavin sanasta *līka > muinaisskandinaavin lík ’hahmo, keho, ruumis’. Itäsaamen sanoissa esiintyvä -šk-yhtymä selittyy saamen muinaismurteiden välisessä lainautumisessa tapahtuneella etymologisella nativisaatiolla.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Juha Kuokkala
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 117
ending page: 122
doi: 10.33341/uh.148313

Estonian kelp ‘hip side of a roof’ as compared to Finnish keula ‘prow’
type: item
description: Eesti kelp ’maja kolmnurkne otsakatus’ ja soome keula ’vöör, käil’ Artiklis esitatakse uus etümoloogia eesti sõnale kelp ’maja kolmnurkne otsakatus’, ka ’sängi, vankri, ree vms otslaud’. Sõna ainuke seni teadaolev etümoloogiline vaste läänemeresoome keeltes on liivi kīelpa ’ein Dachteil, die Stütze auf dem Lubbendach’. Sõna kaugem päritolu on seni ebaselge, kuigi mõned seletused on välja pakutud (Веске 1890: 219–220, Mäkeläinen 1979: 204–206). Murdeaines ja vanemad leksikograafilised allikad osutavad, et sõnal on olnud nii ees- kui ka tagavokaalne variant. Peamiselt lõunaeesti murretes on registreeritud obliikvakäänete tüvevariant kelbä-, 17.‒19. saj sõnaraamatutes aga tüvevariant kõlp (kirjapilt vanemates sõnaraamatutes kölp). Niisugune esisilbis e-lise eesvokaalse ja õ-lise tagavokaalse variandi vaheldus osutab, et tegemist võib olla vanema laensõnaga. Metateesi eeldusel sobiks laenualuseks alggermaani *gebla(n)- ~ *gabla- ’tipp’ (< indoeuroopa *ǵhebhh2-l-o- < *ǵhebhh2-l- ’katuseviil, pea’), mille vasted on gooti gibla, vanaülemsaksa gebal ja keskülemsaksa gebel ’(ehis)tornike (nt katuseviilul, uksepealisena)’. Sama tüvega on seotud ka alggermaani *gebila- > vanaülemsaksa gibil, saksa Giebel ’katuseviil’. Alggermaani *gebla(n)- oleks hilisläänemeresoome algkeelde tõenäoliselt laenatud kujul *ke̮pla / *keplä, millest metateetiliselt võinuks kujuneda *ke̮lppa / *kelppä. Läänemeresoome algkeeles esinesid küll nii häälikuühend *-pl- kui ka *-lpp-, nt *kupla > soome kupla, kuula ’mull jne’, eesti kubel : kubla- ‒ *helppo > soome helppo ’kerge, lihtne’, eesti hõlp : hõlbu-, kuid Eesti murretes ei ole pärast lõpukao toimumist -pl enamasti sõna absoluutses lõpus võimalik. Selle vältimiseks võib lisaks ootuspärasele arengule (*kupla > *kupl > kubel) täheldada reeglipäratuid muutusi (*lipla > lible, *hapla > ablas). Metatees võis olla veel üks reeglipäratu viis vältida pl-ühendi sattumist sõna absoluutsesse lõppu, kõnealusel juhul nt põhjusel, et lõpuosise -as lisamist ol…
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Iris Metsmägi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 105
ending page: 115
doi: 10.33341/uh.148312

Ein Fall für zwei (oder drei) – Liquid metathesis substitution in Germanic loanwords in Finnic: old and new cases
type: item
description: Itämerensuomen germaanilainojen likvidametateesisubstituutiosta: uusia ja vanhoja tapauksia Tässä artikkelissa käsittelen itämerensuomen vanhoissa germaanilainoissa tavattavaa niin kutsuttua likvidametateesia, jossa sananalkuisen konsonanttiyhtymän jälkiosana oleva likvida heittyy sanansisäiseen asemaan. Alkuun artikkelissa tarkastelen lyhyesti entuudestaankin tunnettuja likvidametateesitapauksia, pääasiallisena mielenkiinnon kohteenani on kuitenkin selvittää, voidaanko kantasuomeen rekonstruoitavat sanat, ksm. *kiiltä-, *purka-, *tarkka, *tarpo-, *turkka- ja *turta, selittää likvidametateesin avulla germaanisiksi lainasanoiksi. Johtopäätökseni artikkelissa on, että mainitut sanat ovat viime kädessä lainautuneet kantagermaaniin rekonstruoiduista sanoista *glītan- ’to shine, sparkle’, *bruk(k)ōn- ’to break, crumble’, *straka- ’stretched’, *þrappōn-/*þrabōn ’to trot’, *struk(k)ōn- ’to stroke’ ja *þrutan ’lack, want; weariness’. Lopuksi pohdin muutamia mahdollisia lisäesimerkkejä ja lainojen ikäämistä. Artikkelini osoittaa, että niinkin tarkkaan tutkitusta aiheesta kuin itämerensuomen germaaniset lainasanat voidaan vielä tehdä uusia etymologisesti varteenotettavia huomioita.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Niklas Metsäranta
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 79
ending page: 104
doi: 10.33341/uh.148311

Uralic *tuppas – bridging Indic and Germanic
type: item
description: Uralilainen *tuppas indoarjan ja germaanin silloittajana Suomen tupas johdoksineen ja näiden vastineet pohjoisessa itämerensuomessa voidaan parhaiten johtaa useimpien suomen murteiden sekä vepsän osoittamasta kantasuomen asusta *tup̆pas. Muutamat sanansisäiseen yksittäisklusiiliin viittaavat vastineet kuten karjalan tuvas katson selittyvän ryväs-sanueen sekundääriseksi vaikutukseksi. Tunkelon (1918) germaaninen lainaetymologia ← kantagermaanin *þūƀaz ’mätäs, pensas’ ei tämän valossa ole puolustettavissa. Koivulehdon (1999) rinnastus toiseen kantagermaanin sanueeseen *tuppaz ’tupsu, tukko, yläpää’ näyttää paremmalta, mutta tältä sanueelta taas puuttuu oma indoeurooppalainen etymologia. Kyseessä onkin pikemmin laina itämerensuomesta luoteisgermaaniin, sillä itämerensuomen sanueelle voidaan löytää vastineita myös idempää, marista: deminutiivijohdos *tŭpka ’tuppo, tukka’, ja komista: aines tup- useissa johdoksissa kuten tupji̮- ’tukkia’, tupi̮rt- ’kääriä’, ja yhdyssanoissa kuten tup-jura ’tupsupää’. Poikkeusedustus *u > komin u lienee säännöllinen *p:n edellä. Sanueen *-as-vartalo itämerensuomessa silti viittaa indoeurooppalaiseen laina-alkuperään, ja myös uusi laina­etymologia voidaan esittää: kyse on vanhasta indoiranilaisesta (arjalaisesta) lainasta, jota parhaiten vastaa muinaisindoarjan stū́pa- ’mätäs, tupas, päälaki, ym.’ < kantaindoiranin *stúHpas. Samaan etymologiseen pesueeseen voitaisiin jatko-oletuksin liittää vielä marin *tŭp ’selkä’ (mikäli aiemmin ’yläselkä’) ja suomen tukka (arjalaisen sanueen jostain toisesta variantista, vrt. muinais­indoarjan stúkā- ’tupsu, tukko’). Huomattavinta kuitenkin on, että germaanin *tuppaz-sanue ei sovi indoiranin sanojen perintövastineeksi, ja näiden yhteyden mahdollistaa ainoastaan itämerensuomen kautta välittyminen – samaan tapaan kuin esim. jo ennestään tunnettu repo-sanueen lainautuminen indoiranista itämerensuomen kautta pohjoisgermaaniin. Vastaavaa takaisinlainautumisen mahdollisuutta onkin syytä pitää silmällä myös ja…
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Juho Pystynen
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 61
ending page: 78
doi: 10.33341/uh.148310

Altgermanische Paarformeln mit der Bedeutung ‚überall‘
type: item
description: Old Germanic binomials meaning ‘everywhere’ In the present article, it is initially asserted that the determination of whether a binomial is fixed (and therefore phraseological) or if it constitutes an ad hoc formation (and is thus non-phraseological) can pose challenges within historical corpora. These challenges are exemplified through an analysis of expressions denoting ‘forest and field’ as attested in some of the Old Germanic languages. Following this, three additional binomials conveying the meaning ‘everywhere’, as attested in the Old Germanic languages, are discussed and reconstructed for Proto-Germanic. The article illustrates that problems identified in determining the original word order of the discussed binomials can be solved by employing both the salience principle, which posits that the more significant element in a binomial linearly precedes the less important, and formal principles.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
creator: Ramón Boldt
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2024-10-04
publication date: 2024-10-04
starting page: 21
ending page: 39
doi: 10.33341/uh.148308

Rajakarjalaismurteiden refleksiiviverbeistä
type: item
description: Artikkeli käsittelee rajakarjalaismurteiden refleksiiviverbejä. Rajakarjalaismurteet ovat karjalan kielen suomenvaikutteinen alamurteisto. Artikkelin aineistona on n. 120 nauhatunnin laajuinen tekstimuotoinen Raja-Karjalan korpus. Käsiteltäviä refleksiiviverbien tyyppejä ovat refleksiivijohdokset sekä refleksiivitaivutus. Molempia tavataan niin karjalassa kuin suomessakin (refleksiivitaivutusta tosin vain suomen itämurteissa). Rajakarjalaismurteiden refleksiivitaivutus osoittautuu samankaltaiseksi kuin karjalan saarekemurteissa (ns. tytärkarjalaisissa murteissa) Sisä-Venäjällä, joskin se on paradigmaltaan vajaampi ja esiintymiseltään harvempi. Rajakarjalaismurteiden refleksiivijohdoksissa puolestaan tavataan joitakin karjalalle vanhastaan tuntemattomia morfologisia tyyppejä, jotka ovat selvää suomen kielen vaikutusta. Artikkelin aineistossa näkyy lisäksi rajakarjalaismurteille ominainen karjalan kahden päämurteen, varsinaiskarjalan ja livvinkarjalan, sekoittuneisuus.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: rajakarjalaismurteet
  topic: keywords
subject: refleksiiviverbit
  topic: keywords
subject: kielikontaktit
  topic: keywords
creator: Vesa Koivisto
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 249
ending page: 300
doi: 10.33341/uh.85038

On the use of perfect and pluperfect in Estonian dialects
type: item
description: The present paper examines the use of two compound tenses – perfect and pluperfect – in Estonian. Perfect and pluperfect have emerged due to the influence of the Baltic and Germanic languages and are used frequently in Estonian. However, while looking at the usage frequency derived from the Corpus of Estonian Dialects, dialect areas display remarkable differences, which can be explained either by local language contacts with Swedish, Russian, Latvian, and Finnic languages (Votic, Ingrian, and Finnish) or by functional differences in the use of compound tenses. It appears that there are two main regions where the compound tenses are used more often compared to other areas: the Insular dialect and Mulgi dialect regions. The increase of compound tenses in the Insular dialect could be a result of contacts with Swedish. However, the Insular dialect also exhibits a high number of negated utterances using the perfect reflecting changes in the formation of negation more generally in this area. The Mulgi dialect shows a high number of pluperfect forms that can be related to the abundance of reported narratives in the data, but also as an increase of using pluperfect as an evidential strategy, which is probably a result of contacts with Latvian.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: compound tenses
  topic: keywords
subject: perfect
  topic: keywords
subject: pluperfect
  topic: keywords
subject: Estonian dialects
  topic: keywords
subject: frequency
  topic: keywords
subject: corpus-based dialectology
  topic: keywords
subject: language contacts
  topic: keywords
creator: Liina Lindström
creator: Maarja-Liisa Pilvik
creator: Mirjam Ruutma
creator: Kristel Uiboaed
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 155
ending page: 193
doi: 10.33341/uh.85035

Venäjän kielen vaikutus tverinkarjalan murteiden äännejärjestelmään
type: item
description: Tverinkarjala kuuluu varsinaiskarjalan eteläisiin murteisiin ja jakautuu kolmeen alamurteeseen: Tolmatšun, Vesjegonskin ja Djoržan jo sammuneeseen alamurteeseen. Tverinkarjalaiset ovat asuneet jo neljä vuosisataa venäläisten keskuudessa ja puhuneet venäjää pitkään. Venäjän kieli on vaikuttanut huomattavasti tverinkarjalan äännejärjestelmään sen kehityksen eri vaiheissa. Tästä johtuvat muutamat alamurteita toisistaan erottavat piirteet. Venäjän vaikutusta tverinkarjalan äännejärjestelmään on sekä vokaali- että konsonanttijärjestelmässä. 1) vokaalijärjestelmässä: pitkien uu-, yy-vokaalien ja u-, y-loppuisten diftongien jälkikomponenttien redusoituminen; sekundaaristen pitkien vokaalien esiintyminen; väljenevien diftongien fonemaattiset erot; Djoržan alamurteessa loppu- ja sisäheitto; 2) konsonanttijärjestelmässä: f- ja c-konsonanttifoneemien esiintyminen; sibilanttien distribuutio; geminaattojen kk, tt, pp, čč reduktio l-, r-, n-konsonanttien jäljessä; runsas liudentuminen ja kvalitatiivisen astevaihtelun epäproduktiivisuus.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: karjalan kieli
  topic: keywords
subject: tverinkarjala
  topic: keywords
subject: venäjän vaikutus
  topic: keywords
subject: äänne­op­pi
  topic: keywords
subject: murteet
  topic: keywords
creator: Irina Novak
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 227
ending page: 248
doi: 10.33341/uh.85037

A new resource for Finnic languages
type: item
description: The report introduces a new digital resource on minor Finnic languages. This resource is the main outcome of the project “Documentation of Ingrian: collecting and analyzing fieldwork data and digitizing legacy materials” carried out by Fedor Rozhanskiy and Elena Markus at the University of Tartu in 2011–2013. The collected materials cover several minor Finnic languages with a special focus on varieties spoken in Western Ingria: the Soikkola, Lower Luga, and Heva dialects of Ingrian, the Lower Luga varieties of Votic, and Ingrian Finnish. The resource contains (a) legacy recordings of different genres made by previous researchers in 1968–2012; (b) new audio and video materials recorded mostly in 2011–2013 by the project participants; (c) transcriptions and translations into Russian and English synchronized with sound and video using the ELAN software. Altogether the resource presents 510 hours of audio recordings, 21 hours of video recordings, and 15 hours of ELAN annotations. All media files in the resource are provided with detailed metadata specifying the place and time of the recording, sociolinguistic data about the speaker, the contents of the recording, and the access rights. The resource is available on the websites of the Endangered Languages Archive (London, UK) and the Archive of Estonian Dialects and Kindred Languages of the University of Tartu (Estonia).
subject: Raportit
  topic: section
creator: Fedor Rozhanskiy
creator: Elena Markus
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 303
ending page: 326
doi: 10.33341/uh.85039

Kielikorpuksia Suomen itärajalta
type: item
subject: Raportit
  topic: section
creator: Marjatta Palander
creator: Helka Riionheimo
creator: Hannu Kemppanen
creator: Jukka Mäkisalo
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 425
ending page: 438
doi: 10.33341/uh.85045

Expeditions among the Lutsi Estonians and the design of Language Learning Materials
type: item
description: The Lutsi Estonians (Lutsis) are a historically South Estonian-speaking minority that has inhabited a network of more than 50 villages in the historical rural parishes of Pilda, Nirza, Brigi, and Mērdzene surrounding the city of Ludza, in the Latgale region of eastern Latvia, for at least three to four centuries. Between 2013 and 2016, I received funding from the Kone Foundation to document the present state of the Lutsis and to write a Lutsi language primer for Latvian speakers. The first part of this paper gives an overview of previous work on Lutsi followed by a description of the present state of the population of Lutsi descendants as I found it during the period of my Kone-funded research. The second part of this paper describes the Lutsi language primer, beginner’s grammar reference, and dictionary, which were the other main products of this research and discusses plans for their future use. The first extensive documentation of the Lutsis, their culture, and language was undertaken by researcher Oskar Kallas in 1893. Relatively substantial subsequent documentation of Lutsi was carried out over subsequent decades as the Lutsi population continued to be assimilated primarily into the Latvian speakers of their home region. The last fluent speaker died in 2006 and the last known passive partial speaker died in 2014. Presently, some fragmentary knowledge of Lutsi survives among descendants; however, the Lutsi Estonians today have shifted entirely to using Latvian, and less frequently also Russian, as their primary language.
subject: Raportit
  topic: section
creator: Uldis Balodis
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 439
ending page: 478
doi: 10.33341/uh.85046

Syntactic and aspectual functions of Latvian verbal prefixes in Livonian
type: item
description: This paper presents an analysis of an assumed contact-induced change in the Livonian modes of expressing perfective aspect: the adoption of Latvian-origin verbal prefixes expressing perfective aspect. The main objective of this article is to determine whether long-standing contact between Livonian and Latvian has led to the introduction of verbal prefixes as both pure lexical elements and, in parallel, as markers of grammatical functions that distinguish Livonian from its closest cognate languages. The current study is based on the data derived from unpublished recordings and published written material representing spoken Livonian, already extinct as a first language in the traditional speech area. There are a total of eleven Latvian-origin verbal prefixes in Livonian, a language which usually does not display this category. The prefixes are as follows: aiz-, ap-, at-, ie-, iz-, nuo-, pa-, pie-, pōr-, sa-, and uz-. In Latvian, most of these items can be used as bound verbal prefixes and also prepositions marking adverbial functions. In Livonian, these prefixes can be combined with both Livonian and Latvian verbs but, as a rule – except for pa- – they do not occur as prepositions. The frequency of their occurrence in the data varies considerably and, presumably, corresponds to the degree that a given prefix may derive perfective verbs. In fact, verbal prefixation can be considered, to some extent, a means for expressing perfective aspect in Livonian, thereby adding a secondary strategy to the inherent Finnic way of expressing aspectual oppositions, namely the object case alternation and verbal particles.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: language contact
  topic: keywords
subject: aspect
  topic: keywords
subject: aspectual opposition
  topic: keywords
subject: perfectivity
  topic: keywords
subject: verbal prefixes
  topic: keywords
subject: Livonian
  topic: keywords
subject: Latvian
  topic: keywords
creator: Santra Jantunen
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 15
ending page: 53
doi: 10.33341/uh.85032

Borrowing morphology
type: item
description: Veps is a Finnic minority language that has long been influenced by Russian, the prestige language in the speech area. The influence of Russian can be perceived in all subsystems of the Veps language, but hardly any research has been done on its impact on morphology. The current paper focuses on the influence of Russian on the Veps indefinite pronouns and their restructuring. The contemporary Veps indefinite pronoun system is based on the use of different affixes and particles, i.e., indefiniteness markers, which are attached to interrogative stems. This article describes the various Veps indefiniteness markers, which have been acquired via morpheme transfer (MAT) and morphological pattern transfer (PAT) from Russian. The borrowing of indefiniteness markers is typical for languages under the very strong influence of another language. According to contemporary studies, the motivation for borrowing should primarily be attributed to sociolinguistic factors and less to structural-typological similarities of the languages in question. In the Veps language community, such sociolinguistic factors are the minority status of the Veps language and the bilingualism of its speakers.
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: Veps
  topic: keywords
subject: Russian
  topic: keywords
subject: morphology
  topic: keywords
subject: indefiniteness markers
  topic: keywords
subject: morpheme transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: morphological pattern transfer
  topic: keywords
creator: Heini Karjalainen
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 55
ending page: 87
doi: 10.33341/uh.85033

Mutual contacts and lexical relations among the Finnic varieties of western Ingria and northeastern Estonia
type: item
description: The aim of this article is 1) to describe the historical language contact situation between the genetically closely related Finnic varieties of western Ingria, 2) to give examples of the numerous loanwords originating from mutual contacts among local Finnic varieties as well as areal diffusion, and 3) to discuss the method of investigating contacts and borrowing among closely related varieties. The data are taken from old dialectal materials published in vocabularies and dictionaries as well as preserved in archives. The words that are analysed and discussed etymologically in more detail are drawn from Vote, Ingrian, and Estonian. Although it is often difficult to confirm the direction of borrowing among closely related varieties, I seek to determine the direction of diffusion in the varieties whose development cannot be described merely in terms of a traditional binary family tree model. Examples of mutual borrowing between Vote, Ingrian, Estonian, and Finnish are presented. Estonian loanwords in Vote and Ingrian can usually be recognised by their distribution. Most vocabulary originating as loans (in Vote, Ingrian, and Estonian) has been borrowed from Finnish. Loans in both Vote and Estonian often have a distribution not only in Ingrian but also in Finnish. Because of the phonetic similarity of these varieties, the donor variety usually cannot be defined. Vote loanwords occur only sporadically in Ingrian and Estonian: they may also form a substratum. The speakers of Finnic varieties in western Ingria used to live in old rural communities with long-term multilingualism, villages with a mixed population, and vague language boundaries. The arrival of new inhabitants from the countries, which ruled this area and the foundation of St. Petersburg in 1703 changed the ethnographic balance between different peoples in Ingria. This increased linguistic diversity and altered the hierarchy of the languages leading gradually to accelerating language and identity shift of the l…
subject: Artikkelit
  topic: section
subject: language contact
  topic: keywords
subject: loanwords
  topic: keywords
subject: etymology
  topic: keywords
subject: dialectology
  topic: keywords
subject: family-internal borrowing
  topic: keywords
subject: receptive multilingualism
  topic: keywords
subject: Vote
  topic: keywords
subject: Ingrian
  topic: keywords
subject: Estonian
  topic: keywords
subject: Ingrian Finnish
  topic: keywords
creator: Sofia Björklöf
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 Uralica Helsingiensia
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
starting page: 89
ending page: 153
doi: 10.33341/uh.85034