Educational test scores among adolescents in three-generational households in 20 countries
Authors
Antti Olavi Tanskanen, Mirkka Danielsbacka, Jani ErolaFiles
View PDFAbstract
Grandparental presence is often found to associate with improved grandchild wellbeing. However, studies have shown that the effect is not always positive. This could be explained by the fact that in some circumstances grandparents compete with grandchildren over parental time resources. We studied the assumption using data from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) from 20 Western countries (n=73,346 children at age 15). According to the results grandparental presence was associated with lower levels of parental involvement and decreased educational test scores among adolescents. Moreover, the results indicate that when the parental involvement is lower at the first place the grandparental presence tends to be associated with even weaker child outcomes. Finally, we found support that grandparental co-residence is a mediator of the association between parental involvement and child outcomes. These results are discussed with reference to the local resource competition model.
Files
View PDF
References
Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 1269–1287.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.x
Anderson, K. G. (2011). Stepparenting, divorce, and investment in children. In C. A. Salmon, & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Family Psychology, pp. 97–112. New York: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396690.013.0007
Aquilino, W. S. (1996). The life course of children born to unmarried mothers: Childhood living arrangements and young adult outcomes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 293–310.
https://doi.org/10.2307/353496
Arber, S., & Timonen, V. (2012). Contemporary Grandparenting: Changing Family Relationships in Global Contexts. Chicago: Policy Press.
https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847429681.001.0001
Astone N.M., & McLanahan, S. (1991). Family structure, parental practices, and high school completion. American Sociological Review, 56, 309–320.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2096106
Attar-Schwartz, S., Tan, J.-P., Buchanan, A., Flouri, E., & Griggs, J. (2009). Grandparenting and adolescent adjustment in two-parent biological, lone-parent, and step-families. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 67–75.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014383
Biblarz, T. J., & Gottainer, G. (2000). Family structure and children's success: A comparison of widowed and divorced single-mother families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 533–548.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00533.x
Billari, F. C., & Kohler, H-P. (2004). Patterns of low and lowest-low fertility in Europe. Population Studies, 58, 161–176.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472042000213695
Blake, J. (1989). Family size and achievement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Borgonovi, F., & Montt, G. (2012). Parental involvement in selected OECD countries and economics. OECD Education Working Paper number 73. Paris: OECD.
https://doi.org/10.1787/5k990rk0jsjj-en
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Campbell, C., & Lee, J. Z. (1996). A death in the family: Household structure and mortality in rural Liaoning: Life-event and time-series analysis, 1792–1867. The History of the Family, 1, 297–328.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-602X(96)90026-3
Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio, E., & Gaviria, J. L. (2015). Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 14, 33–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2015.01.002
Coall, D. A., & Hertwig, R. (2010). Grandparental investment: Past, present and future. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 1–56.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09991105
Coall, D.A., & Hertwig, R. (2011). Grandparental investment: A relic of the past or a resource for the future? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 93–98.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411403269
Coleman, J. S., (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
Conley, D., & Glauber, R. (2006). Parental educational investment and children's academic risk: Estimates of the impact of sibship size and birth order from exogenous variations in fertility. Journal of Human Resources, 41, 722–737.
https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.XLI.4.722
Curran P.J. & Bauer D.J. (2011). The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 583–619.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356
Danielsbacka, M., & Tanskanen, A.O. (2012). Adolescent grandchildren's perceptions of grandparents' involvement in UK: An interpretation from life course and evolutionary theory perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 9, 329–341.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-012-0240-x
Deleire, T., & Kalil, A. (2002). Good things come in threes: Singleparent multigenerational family structure and adolescent adjustment. Demography, 39, 393–413.
https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0016
Downey, D. B. (2001). Number of siblings and intellectual development: The resource dilution explanation. American Psychologist, 56, 497–504.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.6-7.497
Dunifon, R. (2013). The influence of grandparents in the lives of children and adolescents. Child Development Perspectives, 7, 55–60.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12016
Dunifon, R., & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2007). The influence of grandparents in single-mother families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 465–481.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00377.x
Epstein, J. L. (2001). School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Preparing Educators and Improving Schools. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Erola, J., & Moisio, P. (2007). Social mobility over three generations in Finland, 1950–2000. European Sociological Review, 23, 169–183.
https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcl027
Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students' academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009048817385
Furstenberg, F. F. (2005). Banking on families: How families generate and distribute social capital. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 809–821.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00177.x
Hampden-Thompson, G. (2009). Are two better than one? A comparative study of achievement gaps and family structure. Compare, 39, 517–534.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920802366372
Hango, D. (2007). Parental investment in childhood and educational qualifications: Can greater parental involvement mediate the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage? Social Science Research, 36, 1371–1390.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.01.005
Hank, K., & Buber, I. (2009). Grandparents caring for their grandchildren: Findings from the 2004 survey of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 53–73.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08322627
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., and Norenzayan, A. (2010).The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61–83.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Jaeger, M. (2008). Do large sibships really lead to lower educational attainment? New evidence from quasi-experimental variation in couples' reproductive capacity. Acta Sociologica, 51, 217–235.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699308094167
Jæger, M. M. (2012). The extended family and children's educational success. American Sociological Review, 77, 903–922.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412464040
Karwath, C., Relikowski, I., & Schmitt, M. (2014). Sibling structure and educational achievement: How do the number of siblings, birth order, and birth spacing affect children's vocabulary competences? Journal of Family Research, 26, 372–396.
https://doi.org/10.3224/zff.v26i3.18993
Kreidl, M., & Hubatkova, B. (2014). Does coresidence with grandparents reduce the negative association between sibship size and reading test scores? Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 38, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.04.001
Krueger, P. M., Jutte, D. P., Franzini, L., Elo, I., & Hayward, M. D. (2015). Family structure and multiple domains of child well-being in the United States: A cross-sectional study. Population Health Metrics, 13:6.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-015-0038-0
Macdonald, K. (2014). PV: Stata module to perform estimation with plausible values. Statistical Software Components, Boston College: Department of Economics.
Mare, R. D. (2011). A multigenerational view of inequality. Demography, 48, 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0014-7
McLanahan, S., & Sandefur, G. (1994). Growing up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McNeal, R. B. (1999). Parental involvement as social capital: Differential effectiveness on science achievement, truancy, and dropping out. Social Forces, 78, 117–144.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3005792
https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/78.1.117
Adams, R., & Wu, M. (2002). PISA 2000 Technical Report. Paris: OECD.
OECD. (2001). Knowledge and skills for life: First results from PISA 2000. Paris: OECD.
https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264195905-en
OECD. (2014). Family database. Paris: OECD.
Park, H. (2008). Home literacy environments and children's reading performance: A comparative study of 25 countries. Educational Research and Evaluation, 14, 489–505.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13803610802576734
Pfeffer, F. (2014). Multigenerational approaches to social mobility: A multifaceted research agenda. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 35, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.01.001
Pilkauskas, N. V., & Martinson, M. L. (2014). Three-generation family households in early childhood: Comparisons between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Demographic Research, 60, 1639−1652.
https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.60
Pong S. L, & Chen V. W. (2010). Co-resident grandparents and grandchildren's academic performance in Taiwan. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 41, 111–129.
Raley, S., & Bianchi, S. (2005). Sons, daughters and family processes: Does gender of children matter? Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 401–421.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123106
Ruggles, S. (2003). Multigenerational families in nineteenth-century America. Continuity and Change, 18, 139–165.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416003004466
Salmon, C. A. (1999). On the impact of sex and birth order on contact with kin. Human Nature, 10, 183–197.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-999-1014-9
Salmon, C. A. (2003). Birth order and relationships: friends, family, sexual partners. Human Nature, 14, 73–81.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-003-1017-x
Scholl Perry, K. (1996). Relationships among adolescents' ego development, their academic achievement, and the amount of their contact with and social distance from grandparents. ETD Collection for Pace University, Paper AAI9701161.
Sear, R., & Coall, D.A. (2011). How much does family matter? Cooperative breeding and the demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 37, 81–112.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00379.x
Sear, R., & Mace, R. (2008). Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.10.001
Sénéchal, M., & Young, L. (2008). The effect of family literacy interventions on children's acquisition of reading from kindergarten to grade 3: A meta-analytic review. Review of Educational Research, 78, 880–907.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308320319
Sieben, I., Huinink, J., & de Graaf, P. M. (2001). Family background and sibling resemblance in educational attainment. Trends in the former FRG, the former GDR, and the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 17, 401–430.
https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/17.4.401
Strassmann, B. I. (2011). Cooperation and competition in a cliff-dwelling people. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 10894–10901.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100306108
Strassmann, B. I., & Garrard, W. M. (2011). Alternatives to the grandmother hypothesis: A meta-analysis of the association between grandparental and grandchild survival in patrilineal populations. Human Nature, 22, 201–222.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-011-9114-8
Strassmann, B. I., Hug, B. F., & Welch, K. (2006). A new twist on the grandmother hypothesis: adverse impact of paternal grandmothers on Dogon grandsons. American Journal of Human Biology, 18, 275– 276.
Tanskanen, A. O., & Danielsbacka, M. (2012). Beneficial effects of grandparental involvement vary by lineage in the UK. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 985–988.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.019
Waldfogel, J. (2006). What Children Need. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Warren, J. R., & Hauser, R. M. (1997). Social stratification across three generations: New evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey. American Sociological Review, 62, 561–572.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2657426
Voland, E., & Beise, J. (2002). Opposite effects of maternal and paternal grandmothers on infant survival in historical Krummhörn. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 52, 435–443
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-002-0539-2
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.x
Anderson, K. G. (2011). Stepparenting, divorce, and investment in children. In C. A. Salmon, & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Family Psychology, pp. 97–112. New York: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396690.013.0007
Aquilino, W. S. (1996). The life course of children born to unmarried mothers: Childhood living arrangements and young adult outcomes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 293–310.
https://doi.org/10.2307/353496
Arber, S., & Timonen, V. (2012). Contemporary Grandparenting: Changing Family Relationships in Global Contexts. Chicago: Policy Press.
https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847429681.001.0001
Astone N.M., & McLanahan, S. (1991). Family structure, parental practices, and high school completion. American Sociological Review, 56, 309–320.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2096106
Attar-Schwartz, S., Tan, J.-P., Buchanan, A., Flouri, E., & Griggs, J. (2009). Grandparenting and adolescent adjustment in two-parent biological, lone-parent, and step-families. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 67–75.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014383
Biblarz, T. J., & Gottainer, G. (2000). Family structure and children's success: A comparison of widowed and divorced single-mother families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 533–548.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00533.x
Billari, F. C., & Kohler, H-P. (2004). Patterns of low and lowest-low fertility in Europe. Population Studies, 58, 161–176.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472042000213695
Blake, J. (1989). Family size and achievement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Borgonovi, F., & Montt, G. (2012). Parental involvement in selected OECD countries and economics. OECD Education Working Paper number 73. Paris: OECD.
https://doi.org/10.1787/5k990rk0jsjj-en
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Campbell, C., & Lee, J. Z. (1996). A death in the family: Household structure and mortality in rural Liaoning: Life-event and time-series analysis, 1792–1867. The History of the Family, 1, 297–328.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-602X(96)90026-3
Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio, E., & Gaviria, J. L. (2015). Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 14, 33–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2015.01.002
Coall, D. A., & Hertwig, R. (2010). Grandparental investment: Past, present and future. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 1–56.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09991105
Coall, D.A., & Hertwig, R. (2011). Grandparental investment: A relic of the past or a resource for the future? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 93–98.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411403269
Coleman, J. S., (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
Conley, D., & Glauber, R. (2006). Parental educational investment and children's academic risk: Estimates of the impact of sibship size and birth order from exogenous variations in fertility. Journal of Human Resources, 41, 722–737.
https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.XLI.4.722
Curran P.J. & Bauer D.J. (2011). The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 583–619.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356
Danielsbacka, M., & Tanskanen, A.O. (2012). Adolescent grandchildren's perceptions of grandparents' involvement in UK: An interpretation from life course and evolutionary theory perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 9, 329–341.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-012-0240-x
Deleire, T., & Kalil, A. (2002). Good things come in threes: Singleparent multigenerational family structure and adolescent adjustment. Demography, 39, 393–413.
https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0016
Downey, D. B. (2001). Number of siblings and intellectual development: The resource dilution explanation. American Psychologist, 56, 497–504.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.6-7.497
Dunifon, R. (2013). The influence of grandparents in the lives of children and adolescents. Child Development Perspectives, 7, 55–60.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12016
Dunifon, R., & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2007). The influence of grandparents in single-mother families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 465–481.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00377.x
Epstein, J. L. (2001). School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Preparing Educators and Improving Schools. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Erola, J., & Moisio, P. (2007). Social mobility over three generations in Finland, 1950–2000. European Sociological Review, 23, 169–183.
https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcl027
Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students' academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009048817385
Furstenberg, F. F. (2005). Banking on families: How families generate and distribute social capital. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 809–821.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00177.x
Hampden-Thompson, G. (2009). Are two better than one? A comparative study of achievement gaps and family structure. Compare, 39, 517–534.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920802366372
Hango, D. (2007). Parental investment in childhood and educational qualifications: Can greater parental involvement mediate the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage? Social Science Research, 36, 1371–1390.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.01.005
Hank, K., & Buber, I. (2009). Grandparents caring for their grandchildren: Findings from the 2004 survey of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 53–73.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08322627
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., and Norenzayan, A. (2010).The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61–83.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Jaeger, M. (2008). Do large sibships really lead to lower educational attainment? New evidence from quasi-experimental variation in couples' reproductive capacity. Acta Sociologica, 51, 217–235.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699308094167
Jæger, M. M. (2012). The extended family and children's educational success. American Sociological Review, 77, 903–922.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412464040
Karwath, C., Relikowski, I., & Schmitt, M. (2014). Sibling structure and educational achievement: How do the number of siblings, birth order, and birth spacing affect children's vocabulary competences? Journal of Family Research, 26, 372–396.
https://doi.org/10.3224/zff.v26i3.18993
Kreidl, M., & Hubatkova, B. (2014). Does coresidence with grandparents reduce the negative association between sibship size and reading test scores? Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 38, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.04.001
Krueger, P. M., Jutte, D. P., Franzini, L., Elo, I., & Hayward, M. D. (2015). Family structure and multiple domains of child well-being in the United States: A cross-sectional study. Population Health Metrics, 13:6.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-015-0038-0
Macdonald, K. (2014). PV: Stata module to perform estimation with plausible values. Statistical Software Components, Boston College: Department of Economics.
Mare, R. D. (2011). A multigenerational view of inequality. Demography, 48, 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0014-7
McLanahan, S., & Sandefur, G. (1994). Growing up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McNeal, R. B. (1999). Parental involvement as social capital: Differential effectiveness on science achievement, truancy, and dropping out. Social Forces, 78, 117–144.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3005792
https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/78.1.117
Adams, R., & Wu, M. (2002). PISA 2000 Technical Report. Paris: OECD.
OECD. (2001). Knowledge and skills for life: First results from PISA 2000. Paris: OECD.
https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264195905-en
OECD. (2014). Family database. Paris: OECD.
Park, H. (2008). Home literacy environments and children's reading performance: A comparative study of 25 countries. Educational Research and Evaluation, 14, 489–505.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13803610802576734
Pfeffer, F. (2014). Multigenerational approaches to social mobility: A multifaceted research agenda. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 35, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.01.001
Pilkauskas, N. V., & Martinson, M. L. (2014). Three-generation family households in early childhood: Comparisons between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Demographic Research, 60, 1639−1652.
https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.60
Pong S. L, & Chen V. W. (2010). Co-resident grandparents and grandchildren's academic performance in Taiwan. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 41, 111–129.
Raley, S., & Bianchi, S. (2005). Sons, daughters and family processes: Does gender of children matter? Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 401–421.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123106
Ruggles, S. (2003). Multigenerational families in nineteenth-century America. Continuity and Change, 18, 139–165.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416003004466
Salmon, C. A. (1999). On the impact of sex and birth order on contact with kin. Human Nature, 10, 183–197.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-999-1014-9
Salmon, C. A. (2003). Birth order and relationships: friends, family, sexual partners. Human Nature, 14, 73–81.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-003-1017-x
Scholl Perry, K. (1996). Relationships among adolescents' ego development, their academic achievement, and the amount of their contact with and social distance from grandparents. ETD Collection for Pace University, Paper AAI9701161.
Sear, R., & Coall, D.A. (2011). How much does family matter? Cooperative breeding and the demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 37, 81–112.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00379.x
Sear, R., & Mace, R. (2008). Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.10.001
Sénéchal, M., & Young, L. (2008). The effect of family literacy interventions on children's acquisition of reading from kindergarten to grade 3: A meta-analytic review. Review of Educational Research, 78, 880–907.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308320319
Sieben, I., Huinink, J., & de Graaf, P. M. (2001). Family background and sibling resemblance in educational attainment. Trends in the former FRG, the former GDR, and the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 17, 401–430.
https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/17.4.401
Strassmann, B. I. (2011). Cooperation and competition in a cliff-dwelling people. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 10894–10901.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100306108
Strassmann, B. I., & Garrard, W. M. (2011). Alternatives to the grandmother hypothesis: A meta-analysis of the association between grandparental and grandchild survival in patrilineal populations. Human Nature, 22, 201–222.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-011-9114-8
Strassmann, B. I., Hug, B. F., & Welch, K. (2006). A new twist on the grandmother hypothesis: adverse impact of paternal grandmothers on Dogon grandsons. American Journal of Human Biology, 18, 275– 276.
Tanskanen, A. O., & Danielsbacka, M. (2012). Beneficial effects of grandparental involvement vary by lineage in the UK. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 985–988.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.019
Waldfogel, J. (2006). What Children Need. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Warren, J. R., & Hauser, R. M. (1997). Social stratification across three generations: New evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey. American Sociological Review, 62, 561–572.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2657426
Voland, E., & Beise, J. (2002). Opposite effects of maternal and paternal grandmothers on infant survival in historical Krummhörn. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 52, 435–443
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-002-0539-2
Details
| DOI | |
|---|---|
| Published |
April 27, 2017
|
| Issue | |
| Section |
Articles
|
| Keywords | Adolescents, grandparents, local resource competition, parental involvement, PISA |
| How to Cite |
Tanskanen, A. O., Danielsbacka, M., & Erola, J. (2017). Educational test scores among adolescents in three-generational households in 20 countries. Nordic Yearbook of Population Research, 51, 3-22. https://doi.org/10.23979/fypr.59194
|
| License |
Copyright (c) 2017 Finnish Yearbook of Population Research  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Authors who publish with the Nordic Yearbook of Population Research agree to the following terms:
|