What makes John move? Outdoor play physical environmental factors changing a child’s activity from sedentary to physically active: longitudinal mixed-method case study

Authors

• Susanna Iivonen University of Eastern Finland, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1334-8025
• Donna Niemistö University of Eastern Finland, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9198-9437
• Arja Sääkslahti University of Jyväskylä, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-0990
• Titta Kettukangas University of Eastern Finland, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-9525

Keywords:

physical activity, outdoor play, physical environment, observation

Abstract

Children’s low physical activity levels call for an investigation of what can promote activity for excessively sedentary children. The purpose of this longitudinal mixed-method case study in an early childhood education (ECE) environment was to observe one sedentary child’s free outdoor playtime in four seasons and determine the physical environmental factors changing his activity from sedentary to physically active. Systematic observation of video material and quantitative analysis were used to identify the most sedentary individual of the one ECE group. The child was named “John”. Qualitative analysis of John’s video material showed that during the four seasons he spent an average of 25% of the playtime doing sedentary activity and 75% of the playtime doing physically active activity during 60-minute free outdoor play sessions. There were a total of 71 physical environmental factors related to John’s change in outdoor activity in the various seasons: man-made objects, such as play equipment, observed 28 times (39%); natural materials, such as water, sand and snow, observed 25 times (35%); and free spaces in the yard observed 18 times (26%). The number of factors was highest in the summer and lowest in the spring. Seasonal changes and conditions unique to Scandinavia may make outdoor play environment in ECE physically activating.