Ihmisoikeudet ja YK

Tasapainottelua jäsenmaiden intressien ja yleismaailmallisuuden periaatteen kesken?

Kirjoittajat

• Anna Kronlund Turun yliopisto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1093-5278

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70483/kp.145637

Avainsanat:

YK, ihmisoikeudet, universalismi, suvereniteetti, yleismaailmallinen ihmisoikeuksien julistus, politiikka

Abstrakti

Ihmisoikeudet ovat keskeinen osa Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien (YK) arvoja ja koko sen olemassaolon perustaa. Ihmisoikeusnormiston lähtökohtana pidetään YK:n yleismaailmallista ihmisoikeuksien julistusta vuodelta 1948, yhdessä myöhemmin hyväksyttyjen kansalaisoikeuksien ja poliittisten oikeuksien (engl. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, suom. KP-sopimus) sekä sosiaalisten, taloudellisten ja sivistyksellisten oikeuksien sopimusten kanssa (engl. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, suom. TSS-sopimus). Ihmisoikeuksia määrittävä periaate on käsitys universalismista. Artikkelissa selvitetään, miten universalismia käytetään tai siihen viitataan ihmisoikeuksia koskevassa poliittisessa keskustelussa YK:ssa. Vaikka universalismin periaate on yleisesti hyväksytty, universalismin käsite on edelleen epämääräinen ja sitä käytetäänkin usein keskustelussa erilaisin merkityksin. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan ihmisoikeuskeskusteluja etenkin yleismaailmallisen ihmisoikeusjulistuksen yhteydessä 1940-luvun loppupuolella ja myöhemmin vuonna 2006 perustetun YK:n ihmisoikeusneuvoston yhteydessä. Valtioilla on tapana vedota joko suvereniteettiinsa tai erityisasemaansa ja samalla arvottaa tai olla noudattamatta ihmisoikeuksia tai niiden täytäntöönpanoa. Samanaikaisesti valtiot ovat sitoutuneet ihmisoikeuksien universalismin periaatteeseen ja ihmisoikeuksien edistämiseen sekä suojeluun kansainvälisesti, jolloin suvereenit valtiot ovat keskiössä.

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