Resurrection, revenance, and exhumation: the problematics of the dead body in songs and laments

Authors

• Madis Arukask University of Tartu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67379

Keywords:

Body, Human, Death, Music, Songs, Laments, Mourning customs, Folklore, Finno-Ugrian, Folklore, Russian, Estonia, Estonian literature, Epics, Mythology, Baltic, Kalevala, Christianity, Singing, Ritual, Burial, Exhumation

Abstract

Different types of folklore texts differ from each other by their function. We can distinguish between genres meant to be believed (like legend) and genres recognized in advance as fiction (fairy-tale). At the same time, textual fiction may also have served practical purposes—such as the telling of fairy-tales during the late autumn and early winter for purposes of fertility magic—as used to be the case in the Estonian folk tradition. There are folklore genres that have functioned, among other things, as an accompaniment, comment on, or support to rituals or practices being carried out—for instance, an incantation during a cure, or a lament in death-related procedures, when a person must be separated from his familiar environment. The same textual formulae fulfil different tasks in different genres, which means that they also carry a different meaning. The present paper considers some themes related to the bodily aspect of humanity in various genres of folklore, particularly in songs and laments, as well as in practices related to death and commemoration. As expected, the problems connected with the human body have in these genres undergone transformations of meaning, the understanding and interpretation of which may vary considerably. The mater­ial discussed in the article derives mainly from the Balto-Finnic and north Russian cultural area, partly from the author's own experience during his field trips.