On Finnic and Khanty vowel harmony: Domains, slopes and their role in typology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33340/susa.95344Avainsanat:
vowel harmony, vacillation, typology, neutralityAbstrakti
The main purpose of this paper is to examine Finnic and Khanty vowel harmony. These languages play a central role in an article by Paul Kiparsky and Karl Pajusalu (2003). Their influential study suggests a typological classification of vowel harmony, which is claimed to be supported by a particular analysis in the Optimality Theory framework. In this paper a closer look will be taken at the linguistic data and the literature, and it will be argued that in many cases example languages and dialects are hardly classifiable into the suggested category. Based on data from the sources referred to by Kiparsky and Pajusalu on Estonian (Mulgi and Northeastern dialects), Veps and Khanty, it will be shown that these (varieties of) languages exhibit different patterns of (dis)harmony from what could be presumed based on their classification. Moreover, the suggested analysis ignores cases of variation (especially vacillation), typical for the example languages. In the present study, it is emphasized that many patterns do not arise from the behavior of neutral vowels, but instead, they can be results of the length and the nature of the harmonic domain. The paper also introduces the notion of harmonicity slope, according to which the domain has no strict borders, and in which the tendency for the vowels to harmonize gradually diminishes.
Lähdeviitteet
Alhoniemi, Alho 1985: Marin kielioppi. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Archangeli, Diana & Pulleybank, Douglas 2007: Harmony. – Paul de Lacy (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 353–378.
Arukask, Madis (ed.) 2016: Uurimusi vepsa rahvausust. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum. <http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/sator/sator16/vepsa2016.pdf>.
Baković, Eric 2003: Vowel harmony and stem identity. – San Diego Linguistic Papers 1: 1–42.
Bartens, Raija 1999: Mordvalaiskielten rakenne ja kehitys. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 232. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Benus, Stefan & Gafos, Adamantios I. 2007: Articulatory characteristics of Hungarian ‘transparent’ vowels. – Journal of Phonetics 35(3): 271–300.
Blumenfeld, Lev & Toivonen, Ida 2016: A featural paradox in Votic harmony. – Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 34(4): 1167–1180.
Comrie, Bernard 1981: The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge – London – New York – New Rochelle – Melbourne – Sydney: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, Bernard 1988: General features of the Uralic languages. – Denis Sinor (ed.), The Uralic languages. Description, history and foreign influences. Leiden – New York – København – Köln: E. J. Brill. 451–477.
Csepregi, Márta 1998: Szurguti osztják chrestomathia. Studia uralo-altaica supplementum 6. Szeged: JATE Finnugor Tanszék.
Ernestus, Mirjam & Baayen, R. Harald 2011: Corpora and exemplars in phonology. – John Goldsmith & Jason Riggle & Alan C. L. Yu (eds), The handbook of phonological theory.New York: Wiley-Blackwell. 374–400.
Filchenko, Andrey Yury 2007: A grammar of Eastern Khanty. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy. Houston, Texas.
Finley, Sarah 2008: Formal and cognitive restrictions on vowel harmony. A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Baltimore, Maryland.
Finley, Sarah 2009: Locality restrictions on exceptions to vowel harmony. – H. Lehnert-LeHouillier & A. B. Fine A. B. (eds), University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences 5(1): 17–48.
Finley, Sarah 2010: Exceptions in vowel harmony are local. – Lingua 120(6): 1549–1566.
Gordon, Matthew K. 2016: Phonological typology. Oxford, UK.: Oxford University Press.
Gulya, János 1966: Eastern Ostyak chrestomathy. Indiana University publications, Uralic and Altaic series 51. Bloomington – The Hague, The Netherlands: Indiana University – Mouton & Co.
Hakulinen et al. 2004 = Hakulinen, Auli & Vilkuna, Maria & Korhonen, Riitta & Koivisto, Vesa & Heinonen, Tarja Riitta & Alho, Irja: Iso suomen kielioppi. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 950. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur 2010: Consonant harmony: long-distance interactions in phonology. Berkeley – Los Angeles – London: University of California Press.
Hayes, Bruce & Cziráky Londe, Zsuzsa 2006: Stochastic phonological knowledge: The case of Hungarian vowel harmony. – Phonology 23(1): 59–104.
Honti, László 1977: Beobachtungen über die Laut- und Formenlehre gegenwärtiger Surguter Mundarten der Ostjakischen. – Acta Linguistica Hungarica 27: 271–286.
Honti László 1978a: Tromagani osztják szövegek. – Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 80: 127–139.
Honti László 1978b: Szurguti osztják szójegyzék. – Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 80: 327–345.
Honti László 1984: Chrestomathia Ostiacica. Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó.
Honti, László 1998: ObUgrian. – Daniel Abondolo (ed.), The Uralic languages. London – New York: Routledge. 327–357.
Honti László & Rusvai Júlia 1977: Pimi osztják szövegek. – Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 79: 223–232.
Kabak, Barış 2011: Turkish vowel harmony. – The Blackwell companion to phonology. Volume V. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 2831–2854.
Kabak, Barış & Kasselkus, Eva & Maniwa, Kazumi & Weber, Silke 2008: Vowel harmony has direction and context: A corpus study. Paper presented at the 16th Manchester Phonology Meeting. 22–24 May 2008. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228827362_Vowel_harmony_has_direction_and_context_A_corpus_study>.
Karjalainen & Toivonen 1948 = K. F. Karjalainens Ostjakisches Wörterbuch. Bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Y. H. Toivonen. I–II. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Katamba, Francis 1989: An introduction to phonology. London – New York: Longman.
Keresztes László 1990: Chrestomathia morduinica. Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó.
Keresztes László 2011: Bevezetés a mordvin nyelvészetbe. Debrecen: Debreceni Egyetemi Kiadó.
Kiparsky, Paul & Pajusalu, Karl 2003: Towards a typology of disharmony. – The Linguistic Review 20: 214–241.
Krämer, Martin 2018: Current issues and directions in OT. – S. J. Hannahs & Anna R. K. Bosch (eds), The Routledge handbook of phonological theory. London – New York: Routledge.
Laakso, Johanna 2001: The Finnic languages. – Östen Dahl & Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (eds), The Circum-Baltic languages. Typology and contact. Volume I: Past and present. Studies in Language Companion Series 54. Amsterdam – Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 179–212.
Leduc, Marjorie & Reiss, Charles & Volenec, Veno (forthcoming): Votic vowel harmony in Substance Free Logical Phonology. – The Oxford handbook of vowel harmony. Oxford University Press. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339603093_Votic_vowel_harmony_in_Substance_Free_Logical_Phonology> (2 April 2020).
Lindström, Liina & Pajusalu, Karl 2003: Corpus of Estonian dialects and the Estonian vowel system. – Linguistica Uralica XXXIX(4): 241–257.
LGR 2015 = Leipzig Glossing Rules. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Last change: May 31, 2015. <https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php> (4 April 2020).
Mullonen = Муллонен И. И. 1994: Очерки вепсской топонимии. Санкт-Петербург: Наука.
Mullonen = Муллонен И. И. 2013: Большие озера маленького народа: Идентификация по размеру в вепсской топонимии. – Н. Г. Зайцева & С. А. Мызников (eds), Вепсские ареальные исследования. Сборник статей. Петрозаводск: Карельский научный центр РАН.
Must, Mari 1987: Kirderannikumurre. Häälikuline ja grammatiline ülevaade. Tallinn: Valgus.
Must, Mari 1995: Kirderannikumurde tekstid. Eesti murded V. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut.
Nevins, Andrew 2010: Locality in vowel harmony. Cambridge, Massachusetts – London, England: The MIT Press.
Pajusalu, Karl 1998: Vowel reduction in South Estonian. – Linguistica Uralica XXXIV(3): 234–240.
Polgárdi, Krisztina 2015: Typology of weak disharmony: Representations versus the frontness/backness scale. – Theoretical Linguistics 41(1–2): 89–96.
Rebrus, Péter & Törkenczy, Miklós 2015a: Monotonicity and the typology of front/back harmony. – Theoretical Linguistics 41(1–2): 1–61.
Rebrus, Péter & Törkenczy, Miklós 2015b: The monotonic behaviour of language patterns. – Theoretical Linguistics 41(3–4): 241–268.
Rebrus, Péter & Törkenczy, Miklós 2016: Types and degrees of vowel neutrality. – Linguistica 56(1): 239–252.
Rueter, Jack 2016: Towards a systematic characterization of dialect variation in the Erzya-speaking world: Isoglosses and their reflexes attested in and around the Dubyonki Raion. – Ksenia Shagal & Heini Arjava (eds), Mordvin languages in the field. Uralica Helsingiensia 10. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. 109–148.
Rose, Sharon & Walker, Rachel 2011: Harmony systems. – John Goldsmith & Jason Riggle & Alan Yu (eds), The handbook of phonological theory. 2nd edition. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. 240–290.
Sal [Éva] 1976 = Шал, Э.: Фонетика обско-угорских языков. – Основы финно-угорского языкознания. Марийский, пермские и угорские языки. Москва: Наука.
Sauer, Gert 1984: Der Vokalismus des Südostjakischen Irtysh-Dialekts. – P. Hajdú & L. Honti (eds), Studien zur phonologischen Beschreibung uralischer Sprachen. Bibliotheca Uralica 7. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 121–128.
Savatkova = Саваткова, А[нна] А[ндреевна] 2008: Словарь горномарийского языка. Йошкар-Ола: Марийское книжное издательство.
Sipos Mária 1999: Osztják. – Fodor István (ed.), A világ nyelvei. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 1135–1138.
Sipos Mária 2000: A hanti (osztják) nyelv. – Nanovfszky György (ed.), Nyelvrokonaink. Budapest: Teleki László Alapítvány. 281–285.
Sipos, Mária 2004: The Khanty language. – György Nanovfszky (ed.), The Finno-Ugric World. Budapest: Teleki László Foundation. 253–257.
Söderman, Tiina 1996: Lexical characteristics of the Estonian north eastern coastal dialect. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Uralica Upsaliensia 24. Uppsala: University of Uppsala.
Tanning, Salme 1961: Mulgi murdetekstid. Eesti murded I. Tallinn: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.
Tanning, Salme 2004: Karksi murrak. Ed. Karl Pajusalu. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus.
Tereshkin = Терешкин, Н. И. 1961: Очерки диалектов хантыйского языка. Часть первая. Ваховский диалект. Москва – Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР.
Tereshkin = Терешкин, Н. И. 1966: Хантыйский язык. – Языки народов СССР. Том третий. Финно-угорские и самодийские языки. Москва: Наука. 319–342.
Tolskaya, Inna 2014: Oroch vowel harmony. – Lingua 138: 128–151.
Törkenczy, Miklós & Rebrus, Péter & Szigetvári, Péter 2012: Dark secrets of Hungarian vowel harmony. – Eugeniusz Cyran & Henryk Kardela & Bogdan Szymanek (eds), Sound, structure and sense: Studies in memory of Edmund Gussmann. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL. 491–508.
Törkenczy, Miklós & Rebrus, Péter & Szigetvári, Péter 2013: Harmony that cannot be represented. – Johan Brandtler & Valéria Molnár & Christer Platzack (eds), Approaches to Hungarian. Volume 13: Papers from the 2011 Lund Conference. Amsterdam – Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 229– 252.
Vértes, Edith 1969: Vokalharmonie und Vokalbestand im Südostjakischen. – Finnish-Ugrische Forschungen 43: 1–70.
Vértes, Edith 1977: Morphematische Untersuchung der ostjakischen Vokalharmonie. Bibliotheca Uralica 2. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Vértes, Edith 1984: Antwort an G. Sauer. – P. Hajdú & L. Honti (eds.), Studien zur phonologischen Beschreibung uralischer Sprachen. Bibliotheca Uralica 7. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 129–150.
Vértes Edit [1985]: Vázlat a déli osztják kresztomátiához. Debrecen: Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem.
Vértes Edit 1999: Az osztják magánhangzó-illeszkedés felbomlásához (A XX. sz. elején a Jugán mentén). – Magyar Nyelvjárások 36: 129–142.
Viitso, Tiit-Rein 1998: Fennic. – Daniel Abondolo (ed.), The Uralic languages. London – New York: Routledge. 96–114.
VRS = Вепсско-русский словарь Санкт-петербургского вепсского общества. Словарь составляется по решению Отдела науки и образования СПб Вепсского общества с 2009 г. Версия β 1 от 3.2016 г. (св. 25 900 слов). Санкт-Петербург.
Wiik, Kalevi 1988: Viron vokaalisointu. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
Wiik, Kalevi 1989: Vepsän vokaalisointu. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
Zaicz, Gábor 1998: Mordva. – Daniel Abondolo (ed.), The Uralic languages. London – New York: Routledge. 184–218.