The ‘Old Testament’ as the origin of the patriarchy

A comparison of the German and Swedish debate

Authors

• Hanna Liljefors Uppsala University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0833-2857

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30752/nj.125918

Keywords:

The Old Testament, Patriarchy, The Hebrew Bible, Anti-Judaism, Gerda Weiler, Birgitta Onsell, Reception Criticism, Matriarchal research

Abstract

This article explores and compares two similar debates in Germany and Sweden during the 1980s, in which feminists blamed the Hebrew Bible, or ‘Old Testament’, for being the origin of the patriarchy. In Germany, the psychologist and pedagogue Gerda Weiler articulated the discourse in several writings, which led to a scholarly debate on anti-Jewish tendencies within Christian femi­nist theology. In Sweden, the debate mainly became a media event, initiated by the author Birgitta Onsell. Instead of criticising the discourse, as in the German debate, other actors reinforced it, for example by highlighting Jesus as a feminist and a contrast to the Old Testament religion. The article further examines ideological consequences of the discourse, including the interdiscursive link to the notion of Judaism as responsible for the patriarchal moral that enabled the Holocaust, also expressed in the public sphere in Germany and Sweden.