Tutkimus poliisin vaikutuksista rikollisuuteen vuosina 1970–2020
Avainsanat:
poliisi, oikeus, rikollisuus, turvallisuus, ennaltaehkäisy, vaikuttavuusAbstrakti
Effects of policing on crime in 1970–2020
In recent years crime researchers and law enforcement professionals have discussed the effectiveness of preventive policing. The article provides a systematic review of the effects of different police actions on crime, disorder, and safety at four scale levels: hot spots, neighbourhoods, urban regions, and the national level.
A keyword search was performed on seven databases and several bibliographies of past narrative and empirical reviews of literature that examined the effectiveness of police performance. Relevant police actions, such as general and focused surveillance, problem-oriented policing and community policing were selected for review. Some actions, such as traffic policing and reactive policing (response and the investigation of crime) were excluded. The internal processes of the police were also excluded from the analysis.
97 peer-reviewed primary studies were selected for the final analysis. Most of the studies were conducted in the USA and dealt with the effects of policing on crime and disorder. General surveillance was not found to be as effective as focused surveillance. Simply increasing the presence of police officers had no effect on crime and disorder levels at larger scales. Many of these studies suffered from poor design. Secondary actions, such as focused surveillance and problem-oriented policing, were effective at smaller scales. Some of the focused actions caused additional effects, such as mistrust and fear of crime. Most of the small-scale studies used quasi-experimental or randomised experimental designs. Community policing was seen to enhance the feeling of safety in poor residential areas. These quasi-experimental designs showed positive results.
The extant evaluation research suggests that instead of increasing the general presence of police officers, focused policing on small high crime activity areas and neighbourhoods is an effective crime prevention strategy.
