Submissions

Author Guidelines

Technical instructions are based on the guidelines designed for the School of Theology at the University of Eastern Finland by Sini Mikkola, Teuvo Laitila, and Suvi-Maria Saarelainen (2021).

ITALICS AND TRANSLITTERATION

Italicise the titles of books and journals and words of foreign origin (e.g. samsara), the first time that you mention them. However, do not italicise the titles of articles in the body text. Use double quotation marks instead. Do not use italics to add emphasis to something in the body text. With names of foreign persons and place names as well as concepts, established conventions are used, if they exist (for example: Peter the Great instead of Pjotr Veliki): diacritical marks and similar tags such as full stops or macrons above and below letters are not used except when the context is linguistic analysis.

QUOTATIONS AND QUOTATION MARKS

If you quote a foreign source in the body text, the quotation should be translated unless you agree on a different practice with your supervisor. Place quotations of three lines or less inside the actual text. Indent longer quotations using the tabulator as a separate paragraph and use a number 10 font to write them. Do not use quotation marks. Quotation marks should be used for quotations under three lines in length that are inside the text. Single quotation marks are used only within quotations (“this means that it is also possible to ‘quote’ inside a text”) and when making reference to concepts (the term ‘secular’ means worldly).

REFERENCES

These instructions will guide you in the use of annotations, or footnotes, to indicate sources and literature. A footnote is usually marked at the end of a sentence after the full stop, or at the end of a complete thought consisting of more than one sentence. Sometimes a footnote can occur after an individual word. In such a case it refers specifically to the word in question which is explained in the footnote. Placed at the end of a sentence or a complete thought, the note covers the entire whole.

MATERIAL AND RESEARCH ON THE INTERNET

In these guidelines, sources found on the internet are marked under their own headings. However, as an increasing proportion of articles are being published as open access publications on the internet, and as research literature is increasingly found in electronic form, studies available online are being included in bibliographies along with other literature, with no separate heading.

Sources

A source is material that is investigated in the research – material to be analysed about which you are seeking an answer to your research question. Sources include text sources (unpublished sources such as letters or published ones such as magazines, memoirs, laws, documents, speeches, and minutes of meetings, old texts such as the Bible or text information from research into ancient literature, such as Novum Testamentun Graece), other material sources (for example, pictorial art, archaeological discoveries), interviews, or other material collected by the writer of the thesis. The same material can be used as a source in one study and as literature in another.

In more extensive studies, sources and literature are often catalogued separately. An exception to this is exegetics, for which only one list is usually made. In short essays it is also unnecessary to make two lists. In exegetic works and in short essays all selected publications are placed in alphabetical order according to the writer's surname under the title “Bibliography”.

The sources are marked in footnotes with two exceptions:

1. When referring to a passage in the Bible or the Koran, use internal citations in the text.
2. Internal citations are also used when referring to respondents of a questionnaire using a pseudonym, or code.

Sources are mentioned in in a bibliography in the following order, by categorising them under the following headings: unprinted sources, printed sources, newspapers and magazines, interviews.

UNPRINTED SOURCES

Unprinted sources include documents that are individual original copies (for example, minutes of meetings and letters) and are therefore unique. Unprinted sources are marked in a bibliography according to their placement in an archive, always in the alphabetical order of their titles.

Public archives are marked in a bibliography like this:

Archive, community Abbreviation

Collection or archive Abbreviation

Document series years Abbreviation

The location is not marked down if it can be discerned from the name of the archive, as is the case in the Joensuu City Central Archive.

Example 1. In a bibliography:

Ikaalinen Vicar's Office, Ikaalinen   IKV

Ikaalinen Church Archive   IKA

Church Meeting and Church Council minutes 1865–1911  II Ca
Catalogues of children born and baptised 1893–1909 and 1909–1920   I C 3–4

In a footnote:

IKV IKA, II Ca; IKV IKA, I C 3–4.

If a footnote cites several different sets of material, or both material and literature, these are separated, as above, by semicolons.

Example 2. In a bibliography:

Finnish National Archive, Helsinki   KA

Finnish Missionary Society archive   SL SA

Arrived documents

Aili Havas archive

In a footnote:

KA SL SA. Aili Havas to K. A. Paasio 9 February 1934.

Private archives are entered in the bibliography like this:

XX's letters to XX years in the possession of XX, community.

In a bibliography:

Letters from Suvi Saarelainen to Sini Mikkola 2010–2017, in the possession of Sini Mikkola, Joensuu

In a footnote:

Suvi Saarelainen to Sini Mikkola 20 October, 2016.

If the collection of unprinted sources is in your possession, it is marked like this: Letters from XX, in the possession of the author, location.In a bibliography:
Letters from Ilkka Huhta 1985–1990, in the possession of the author, Joensuu. In a footnote:

Ilkka Huhta to Anssi Voitila 1 December 1990.

 

PRINTED SOURCES

Information needed for a bibliography or bibliographical index can be found on the title page of the work cited including its title, author(s) (or publishers or editors) and for a translated work, the translator(s), the publisher, and often the place of publication. That last item, as well as the year that the book was printed, may also be found on the reverse side of the title page.

Included among printed sources are publications of the person or group who are the subjects of the study, as well as other publications that have been used in the study as the material that was analysed. Dictionaries and grammar books used in the study of classical texts are included in the bibliographical index for later examination. The sources are entered in the bibliography alphabetically according to the surname of the author. If the writer of the source is not known or mentioned, use an abbreviation derived from the name of the source.

Editions and translations of classical texts

With classical authors, use the forms, usually in Latin, that have established in research. With later authors, such as the German Reformers, the original names of their own language are used. If a classical text was published as part of a series, editor information is included in the foreword of the edition using an abbreviation appropriate to the language of the foreword.

If the edition has been in publication for many years, the full-time span of publication can be given (for example 1883–2009). If the publication work for different parts of the edition is still ongoing, only the first year is included, followed by an en dash (for example 1883–).

Author or abbreviation of the classical work. Translator(s). Name of the compilation. [Editor, series]. Publisher Place of publication, year.

Example 1. In a bibliography:

Aristoteles. Nikomakhoksen etiikka. Simo Knuuttila (translator & editor), Aristoteles, Teokset, Classica-sarja VII. Helsinki: Gaudeamus 1989.

In a footnote:

If the writer and the work are cited in the text, only the number of the book and the location are cited in the note (VII, 42). If the writer and the work are not cited in the text, the author’s name and the work and the number of the book and the location are mentioned in the note (Aristoteles, Nikomakhoksen etiikka VII, 42).

Example 2. In a bibliography:

Augustinus. Confessiones libri XIII. L. Verheijen (ed.), Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina 27. Turnhout: Brepols 1968.

In a footnote:

As in Example 1.

Example 3. In a bibliography:

Herodotos. Historiateos. Edvard Rein (transl.). Porvoo: WSOY 1907.

In a footnote:

Herodotos, History 2:3.

If the name of the work is very long you may, at your discretion, use an abbreviation of it in a footnote which usually comprises the first 1–3 words of the name of the work.

Example 4. In a bibliography:

Platon. Valtio. Holger Thesleff et al. (transl.) Platon: Teokset IV. Helsinki: Otava 1981. In a footnote:
Platon IV, 128–164.

Example 5. In a bibliography:

Koraani. Jussi Aro et al. (transl.) Helsinki: WSOY 2001. (1. edition 1957.)
If there are three or more translators (or editors) the names of the writers after the first one are replaced by the notation et al. (et alii = and others).

Internal citation in a text:

(3:89)

Internal citations in the text refer exclusively to the number of the surah and the verse/verses that follow. Edits are not marked in the reference.

Example 6. In a bibliography:

Novum Testamentum Graece. Herausgegeben von Barbara und Kurt Arland et al. 28. revidierte Auflage. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft 2012.

OR

The Bible. Finnish translation adopted by the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland in 1992. Helsinki: Finnish Church Home Mission Society.

In an internal citation:

(Romans 8:37)

In an internal citation, the reference is only to the chapter and verse/verses of the Bible, with no mention of the edition.

Patristic source texts in the original languages often appear in publication series of their own. In such cases the practice in both the bibliography and the footnotes has been to use an abbreviation of the publication series and the number of the part that contains the text. The name of the editor need not be mentioned in connection with the regular publication series. The title of a text written by a Church Father is customarily written either in the original language, in Latin, or as a vernacular translation. What is most important is to use the name that is chosen consistently throughout the thesis. In some publication series, column numbering is used instead of page numbering, which must be considered when making bibliographical references. For example, in the Migne publication series, it is customary also to mention what part of a page is involved, as each page is divided into parts A, B, C, and D.

The most common publication series and their abbreviations are the following:

PG Patrologia Graeca (Migne) PL Patrologia Latina (Migne) PO Patrologia Orientalis
SC Sources Chrétiennes

In addition, in bibliographical indices and sometimes also in body texts it has been customary to identify the text that is discussed by numbers included in different categories. This ensures that the reader understands what text is involved. Catalogues are available as open publications online and at university libraries. The most common catalogues and their abbreviations are:

CPG CPL BHG BHG

Clavis Patrum Graecorum Clavis Patrum Latinorum

Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (vain hagiografisia tekstejä) Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina (hagiographic texts only)

Example. In a bibliography:

Andrew of Crete In Lazarum quatriduanum. CPG 8177; PG 97, 960–985.

In a footnote:

Andrew of Crete, In Lazarum quatriduanum, PG 97, 963A–965B. Sources without a personal author

Abbreviation year. Title. Possible determiner [Place of publication: publisher.]

Example 1. In a bibliography:

Proposal for a Church Law 1991. Proposal approved by the General Synod On 8 November 1991 for a Church Law, Church Order, and church election procedure. Helsinki: Church Council.

In a footnote for example:

Proposal for a Church Law 1991.

You may also create an abbreviation yourself (for example PCL) and mark it in the footnote: PCL 1991.

Example 2. In a bibliography:

Gen.Syn. min. 1988. General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Minutes Autumn session 1988.

In a footnote for example:

Gen.syn. min. 18 May 1988 § 3, 33.

Example 3. In a bibliography:

CL 1869. The Church Law of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church from 1869 and the amendments made to it until 7 July 1944. Published by O. K. Heliövaara. Helsinki & Porvoo: WSOY.

In a footnote for example:

KL 3:1 §.

Example 4. In a bibliography:

FCA annual report 1994. Finn Church Aid annual report 1994. Helsinki: Finn Church Aid.

In a footnote:

FCA VK 1994, 68.

Example 5. In a bibliography:

Virsikirja 1986. Hymnal of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church Approved at an extraordinary session of the General Synod on 13 February 1986. Helsinki: SLEY-kirjat.

In a footnote:

VK 170.

References to the Hymnal are made by the numbers of the hymns, and if necessary, the verses - not by the page numbers.

INTERNET SOURCES

Abbreviation of the material, Name of the material. Possible determiner Internet address. Date seen.

Example 1. In a bibliography:

KJ 1. Church Order 1 chapter: The confession and members of the Church. https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1993/19931055?search%5Btype%5D=pika&search%5Bpika %5D=kirkkojärjestys#O1. Seen 26 November 2019.

In a footnote:

KJ 1:1 §.

Example 2. In a bibliography:

CL 20. Church Law Chapter 20 General Synod. https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1993/19931054#O5L20. Seen 06 November 2019.

In a footnote:

KL 20:1–10 §.

Example 3. In a bibliography:

Augsburgin tunnustus. Luterilaiset tunnustuskirjat, Augsburgin tunnustus. http://www.tunnustuskirjat.fi/augstunn.html. Seen 20 December 2019.

In a footnote:

Augsburgin tunnustus XI.

NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES

If you have gone through annual volumes of magazines or newspapers, mark them under this header according to the following examples:

Abbreviation Name and volumes of the publication

In a bibliography:

HS Helsingin Sanomat 1990-1992, 1996 Karjalatar 1917

Kmaa Kotimaa 2000–2004 Sja Sanansaattaja 1989

In a footnote:

HS 4.11.1990, Näistä neuvotellaan.

If the publications are not examined by annual volumes, the articles are cited according to the author's name, like this:

In a bibliography:

Aaltonen, Jarmo (1990). Näistä neuvotellaan. Helsingin Sanomat 4 November 1990. In a footnote:
Aaltonen 4 November 1990.

In addition to these general instructions for newspaper references, you can also get more detailed instructions from the editors.

INTERVIEWS

If you have conducted interviews for your thesis, they are indicated like this: The name of the interviewee used in the text, the date, and the location.

In a bibliography:

Dean of Cathedral Satu Saarinen 20 December 2019, Oulu.

In a footnote:

Saarinen 2019.

If, for example, the sensitive nature of a topic precludes giving detailed information about the interviewee (see ethical guidelines), an appropriate pseudonym should be used or a code (for example: P1, where P = interviewee, or L1, where L= letter). Then the interviewees are entered in the bibliography like this:

Interviewees [total number of interviews], the times of the interviews. In the author's possession, location.

In a bibliography:

Interviewees P1–P30, 1 September–30 October 2019. In the author's possession, Joensuu. Letters L1–L9, 1 September–30 October 2019. In the author's possession, Joensuu.

Internal citation in a text:

(P1; L6.)

Example:

In addition, with two of the people under study (P3, P6) I implemented a form analysis as far as this was possible based on the narrative. However, at times I had to make assumptions about their life direction. Of those I researched, L7, L9, and L10 only described their experiences in getting support in their letters.

This part, under the subheading “Interviews”, is where all the answers to the questionnaire survey you made are placed in the bibliography:

Number of answers to the questionnaire, XX. In the author's possession, location.

In a bibliography:

Responses to the questionnaire survey: 36. In the author's possession, Juuka.

Internal citation in a text:

(L1; L12.)

When the results of the study are compiled for charts or graphs, footnotes can be used to refer to these charts/graphs like this: Chart 1./Graph 1.

 

LITERATURE

Research literature is research that is connected in one way or another to your subject or your research question. It helps you visualise the research task, to give indications of research methods and prior research, and to analyse your source material. In this way it is prior research connected with our research question. In addition to works, research literature also includes articles and university-level theses.

Literature is not sorted into different categories, as is done with sources, even though they have been presented by category in these guidelines. Literature is indicated as a single list arranged in alphabetical order according to the surname of the author. For cases in which the author is not mentioned, see later below.

MONOGRAPH, OR A WORK WRITTEN BY ONE PERSON

Surname, forename (year). Heading: subheading. [Translator(s)]. Name of the series and issue number of the publication. Place of publication: publisher.

In the bibliographical index:

Laitila, Teuvo (2017). Jumalat, haltiat ja pyhät: Eletty ortodoksisuus Karjalassa 1000–1900. Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran toimituksia 234. Helsinki: Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura.

Mikkola, Sini (2019). Rakkaat sisaret, riehaantuneet rouvat: Martin Lutherin naiset. Helsinki: Kirjapaja.

If the same footnote cites more than one study, they are separated from each other using semicolons. Research literature can be organised in a note in two ways - either in alphabetical order, or by year of publication, in which the oldest publication is first. You can use either method if you use it consistently throughout your work.

Two works in a footnote

Laitila 2017, 8; Mikkola 2019, 79–81.

E-book without numbered pages.

If you use an electronic work that has no visible page numbers, write the entry in the bibliographical index as shown in the basic case above. In a footnote write the number or name of the chapter where the part that you make reference to is located, instead of the page.

In the bibliographical index:

Lindberg, Carter (2006). A Brief History of Christianity. Oxford, Malden: Blackwell. In a footnote:
Lindberg 2006, chapter 9.

Works often come in many different editions and versions in different languages. If you do not use the first edition, add the year that the first edition of the work was published to the information. You can do it like this:

In the bibliographical index:

Durkheim, Émile (1980) [1912]. Uskontoelämän alkeismuodot: australialainen toteemijärjestelmä. Translated by Seppo Randell. Helsinki: Tammi.

In a footnote:

Durkheim 1980 [1912], 32.

Doctoral dissertation

The printing of a doctoral dissertation can be either commissioned by the author, in which case the place of publication and the information of the publisher is not added, or it may be published in a series of some kind. A doctoral dissertation is handled largely in the same way as a monograph, but it always includes the abbreviation diss. (dissertation), to indicate that a doctoral dissertation is involved, as well as the name of the university where the person has done their doctoral work.

Forename, Surname (year). Heading: subheading. Diss. Name of the university where the dissertation was defended. [Name of the series. Place of publication Publisher.]

Self-published dissertation in a bibliographical index:
Salmesvuori, Päivi (2009). Power and Authority: Birgitta of Sweden and Her Revelations. Diss.

University of Helsinki.

In a footnote:

Salmesvuori 2009, 31–42.

In a bibliographical index:

Takala-Roszczenko, Maria (2013). The 'Latin' within the 'Greek': The Feast of the Holy Eucharist in the Context of Ruthenian Eastern Rite Liturgical Evolution in the 16th–18th Centuries. Diss. University of Eastern Finland. Dissertations in Education, Humanities, and Theology 50. Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland. https://epublications.uef.fi/pub/urn_isbn_978-952-61-1302- 9/urn_isbn_978-952-61-1302-9.pdf. Seen 27 January 2020.

In a footnote:

Takala-Roszczenko 2013, 202–209.

If the study can be found on the internet, like the above dissertation, a link is marked in the bibliographical index as well as “Seen” and the date in question.

A dissertation that was published in a scientific series entered in the bibliographical index:

Huhta, Ilkka (2001). ”Täällä on oikea Suomenkansa.” Körttiläisyyden julkisuuskuva 1880–1918. Diss. University of Helsinki. Publications of the Finnish Society of Church History 186. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Church History.

In a footnote:

Huhta 2001, 45–48.

Master's thesis

In the bibliographical index:

Pirskanen, Tomi (2019). Inkerinsuomalaisesta ulkosuomalaiseksi: Tallinnan inkerinsuomalaisen seurakunnan synty ja toiminta vuosina 1989–1998. University of Eastern Finland/ Master's thesis in church history. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:uef-20191142. Seen 30 January 2020.

In a footnote:

Pirskanen 2019, 7–8.

In the bibliographical index:

Ahlstedt, Henriikka (2020). Faraon kaltainen vai faraon kanssa? Heprean ke-preposition kääntäminen Septuagintan Genesiksessä. University of Eastern Finland/ Master's thesis in exegetics http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:uef-20200087. Seen 07 April 2020.

In a footnote:

Ahlstedt 2020, 30.

A WORK WRITTEN BY TWO OR MORE AUTHORS

The names of the authors (year). Heading: subheading. [Translator(s). Name, number of series.] Place of publication: publisher

In the bibliographical index:

Heikkilä, Tuomas & Lehmijoki-Gardner, Maiju (2002). Keskiajan kirkko: uskonelämän muotoja läntisessä kristikunnassa. Tietolipas 185. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.

In a footnote:

Heikkilä & Lehmijoki-Gardner 2002, 259–271.

If, for instance, the name of the publisher (such as the Finnish Literature Society, the Finnish Church History Society), the name of the series (such as Publications of the Finnish Exegetical Society, Publications of the Finnish Society of Church History), the name of the publication (such as Finnish Journal of Theology) or something similar appears in your thesis only once, write the name out completely. However, if you use it several times in your thesis, mark the names down using abbreviations (such as SKS, FCHS, FES, FJT) and add a list of abbreviations under the heading “Abbreviations”.

Check the correct spelling and abbreviation of the publisher's name.

EDITED WORK OR COMPILATION

Editor(s) (edit.) (year) Heading: subheading. [Translator(s).] Place of publication: publisher. Information on the editor is given by using an abbreviation that corresponds to the language of

the book, in the English-language work below it is therefore (ed.).

In the bibliographical index:

Kotiranta, Matti & Doe, Norman (ed.) (2011). Religion and Criminal Law. Leuven: Peeters. In a footnote:
Kotiranta & Doe (ed.) 2011.

ARTICLES

Article in a compilation

Surname, forename (year). Title of the article: Subtitle. In [Editor(s)] (ed.), Name of the work. Place of publication Publisher, page numbers of the article.

In the bibliographical index:

Laitila, Teuvo (2016). Russia: Atheism, 'Blasphemy', State, and Orthodox Christianity. In Steven Tomlins & Spencer Bullivant (ed.), The Atheist Bus Campaign: Global Manifestations and Responses. Leiden: Brill, 262–285.

In a footnote:

Laitila 2016, 272–273.

In the bibliographical index:

Raunio, Antti (2014). Ethik. In Volker Leppin & Gury Schneider-Ludorff (Hg.), Das Luther-Lexikon. Regensburg: Bückle & Böhm, 204–211.

In a footnote:

Raunio 2014, 205.

In the bibliographical index:

Thurén, Lauri (2009). Vimmattu kokeilija vai tietoinen puhuja? Pohdiskelua Room. 9–11 pohjalta. In Antti Mustakallio & Lars Aejmelaeus (toim.), Paavali valokeilassa. Helsinki: Suomen eksegeettinen seura, 146–152.

In a footnote:

Thurén 2009, 150.

Article in a magazine

Surname, forename (year). Title of the article: Subtitle. Name of the magazine volume: issue of the magazine, pages of the article.

In the bibliographical index:

Hirvonen, Vesa (2015). William Ockham on the Psychology of Christ. Quaestio: The Yearbook of The History of Metaphysics 15, 699–710.

Huhta, Ilkka (2010). Innere Mission an der Ostgrenze. Die ostpolitische Rolle der Gesellschaften für innere Mission von Sortavala bis in die 1920er-Jahre. Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 23:1, 202–225.

Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria (2019). Geronteknologia eksistentiaalisten kysymysten ja keskusteluiden mahdollistajana: Tutkimus ikääntyvien Palvelu-TV-toiminnasta. Diakonian tutkimus 16:1, 6–28. http://dts.fi/files/2019/06/Diakonian-tutkimus-1-2019.pdf. Seen 30 January 2020.

In a footnote:

Huhta 2010, 216; Hirvonen 2015, 702–703; Saarelainen 2019, 20.

In the bibliographical index:

Nieminen, Petteri et al. (2014). Theological Implications of Young-Earth Creationism and Intelligent Design: Emerging Tendencies of Scientism and Agnosticism. Theology and Science 12:3, 260–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2014.927256.

In a footnote:

Nieminen et al. 2014, 262.

This article has three authors: Petteri Nieminen, Anne-Mari Mustonen and Esko Ryökäs. If there are three or more authors, the authors coming after the first author are replaced by “et al.”. (et alii = and others).

A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a permanent identifier given to electronic documents, texts, images, sound, video, and software. This identifier helps in finding documents on the internet effortlessly. Please provide the DOI as https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxx.

Article without information on the year of publication or author

In the bibliographical index:

Was St. John Chrysostom Anti-Semitic? Orthodox Christian Information Center. http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/phronema/antisemitism.aspx. Seen 20 January 2020.

In a footnote:

Was St. John Chrystostom Anti-Semitic?

STUDIES BY THE SAME AUTHOR PUBLISHED IN THE SAME YEAR

The same author may have published several studies in a single year. When you use a study that was published in the same year by the same author, they are separated from each other using small letters (a,b,c) after the year like this:

In the bibliographical index:

Tervo-Niemelä, Kati (2018a). Ikä- ja sukupolvivaikutteet uskonnollisuudessa. In Kimmo Ketola et al. (toim.). Uskontososiologia. Helsinki: Eetos, 141–152.

Tervo-Niemelä, Kati (2018b). Kutsumuksen imu ja työn todellisuus: Pappien, teologien ja kanttorien suhde työhön, työhyvinvointi ja suhtautuminen ajankohtaisiin kysymyksiin Kirkon akateemisten jäsentutkimuksessa 2018. Kirkon tutkimuskeskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 58. http://notes.evl.fi/julkaisut.nsf/81BBB4DEE8481DE4C22583200034A744/$FILE/Kutsumuksen_imu _ja_tyon_todellisuus_18_10_02_verkko.pdf. Seen 30 January 2020.

Mention in the same footnote:

Tervo-Niemelä 2018a, 142; 2018b, 49–50.