Jälkineuvostoliittolaista julmaa optimismia:
Keskiaasialaisen siirtolaistyövoiman uusintamisesta
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51810/pt.112250Avainsanat:
työvoima, yhteiskunnallinen uusintaminen, Keski-Aasia, siirtolaisuus, kansainvälinen poliittinen talousAbstrakti
Artikkeli tarkastelee siirtolaistyövoiman sosiaalista tai yhteiskunnallista uusintamista jälkineuvostoliittolaisen poliittisen talouden kontekstissa. Venäjä on ollut vuosia yksi merkittävimmistä siirtolaisia vastaanottavista valtioista maailmassa. Keski-Aasian valtioiden taloudet ovat puolestaan huomattavan riippuvaisia Venäjällä työskentelevien siirtolaisten rahalähetyksistä. Ennen Venäjän hyökkäystä Ukrainaan helmikuussa 2022 Venäjän suurkaupunkien ja Keski-Aasian välillä kulki yksi maailman vilkkaimmista siirtolaisväylistä. Artikkeli tuo esiin, millaiset yhteiskunnallisen uusintamisen, huolenpidon ja hoivan käytännöt ovat pitäneet yllä tätä liikettä ja näin uusintaneet myös globaalisti ja alueellisesti eriytynyttä työvoimareserviä. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu Pietarissa ja Moskovassa työskentelevien keskiaasialaistaustaisten siirtotyöläisten päiväkirjamerkinnöistä. Analyysi osoittaa, kuinka vaurautta tuotetaan Venäjän suurkaupungeissa rodullistamalla, luokkaistamalla, sukupuolittamalla ja riistämällä siirtolaisten työtä. Samalla siirtolaisuuteen liitetty lupaus paremmasta elämästä muuttuu jälkineuvostoliittolaiseksi julmaksi optimismiksi.
Lähdeviitteet
Aasian kehityspankki. N.d. Poverty Data: Kyrgyz Republic. https://www.adb.org/countries/kyrgyz-republic/poverty [Luettu 1.9.2022]
Abashin, Sergei. 2014. Движения из Центральной Азии в Россию: В модели нового мироустройства. Pro et Contra, 63:1–2, 73–83.
Aitkhozhina, Damelya. 2019. Гражданское мужество против расовой дискриминации полицией в Москве. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/ru/news/2019/08/12/332886 [Luettu 12.10.2021]
Alff, Henryk, Schmidt, Matthias, Spies, Michael ja Steenberg, Rune. 2021. Layered legacies – an introduction. Teoksessa Matthias Schmidt, Rune Steenberg, Michael Spies ja Henryk Alff (toim.), Beyond Post-Soviet: Layered legacies and transformations in Central Asia. Augsburg: Universität Augsburg.
Appel, Hilary ja Orenstein, Mitchell. A. 2016. Why did neoliberalism triumph and endure in the post-communist world? Comparative Politics, 48:3, 313–331.
Attwood, Lynne. 2012. Privatisation of housing in post-Soviet Russia: A new understanding of home? Europe-Asia Studies, 64:5, 903–928. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2012.681243
Bahovadinova, Malika ja Scarborough, Isaac. 2018. Capitalism fulfills the final five-year plan: How Soviet-era migration programs came to fruition in post-Soviet Eurasia. Teoksessa Marlena Laruelle ja Caress Schenk (toim.), Eurasia on the move: Interdisciplinary approaches to a dynamic migration region. Washington, DC: The George Washington University, 1–12.
Berlant, Lauren. 2011. Cruel optimism. Durham: Duke University Press.
Bhattacharya, Tithi. 2017. Introduction: Mapping social reproduction theory. Teoksessa Tithi Bhattacharya (toim.), Social reproduction theory: remapping class, recentering oppression. Lontoo: Pluto Press, 1–20.
Borisova, Elena. 2021. ‘Our traditions will kill us!’: Negotiating marriage celebrations in the face of legal regulation of tradition in Tajikistan. Oriente Moderno, 100:2, 147–171. https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340248
Castells, Manuel. 1975. Immigrant workers and class struggles in advanced capitalism: The Western European experience. Politics & Society, 5:1, 33–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/003232927500500102
CIS Stat. N.d. Среднемесячная номинальная заработная плата. http://www.cisstat.com/rus/macro/zp-2.pdf [Luettu 10.10.2021]
Demintseva, Ekaterina ja Kashnitsky, Daniel. 2016. Contextualizing migrants’ strategies of seeking medical care in Russia. International Migration, 54:5, 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12247
Dowling, Emma. 2020. The care crisis: What caused it and how can we end it? Lontoo: Verso.
Drozdzewski, Danielle. 2021. The ‘post’ as powerful specific vocabulary. Dialogues in Human Geography, 11:3, 478–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/20438206211030054
Elias, Juanita ja Rai, Sirin. 2019. Feminist everyday political economy: Space, time, and violence. Review of International Studies, 45:2, 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210518000323
Ferguson, Susan ja McNally, David. 2014. Precarious migrants: Gender, race and the social reproduction of a global working class. Teoksessa (toim.), Transforming classes. Lontoo: The Merlin Press, Monthly Review Press, Fernwood Publishing, 1–23.
FNS Rossii. N.d. Расчет стоимости патента. https://patent.nalog.ru/info/ [Luettu 10.10.2021]
Fortunati, Leopoldina. 1981/2007. Arcane of reproduction: housework, prostitution, labor and capital. Kääntänyt Hilary Creek. New York: Autonomedia.
Fraser, Nancy. 2016. Contradictions of capital and care. New Left Review, 100, 99–117.
Gazeta.uz. 2022. 133 тысячи трудовых мигрантов вернулись из России с начала года. Gazeta.uz, 6.4.2022. https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2022/04/06/migrants-from-russia/ [Luettu 20.4.2022]
Hankivsky, Olena ja Kapilashrami, Anuj. 2020. Beyond sex and gender analysis: An intersectional view of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and response. Policy Brief. https://mspgh.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/beyond-sex-and-gender-analysis-an-intersectional-view-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-outbreak-and-response [Luettu 12.10.2021]
Hee Kwon, June. 2015. The work of waiting: love and money in Korean Chinese transnational migration. Cultural Anthropology, 30:3, 477–500. https://doi.org/10.14506/ca30.3.06
Heusala, Anna-Liisa ja Aitamurto, Kaarina. 2016. Conclusions: Societal and political consequences of the shadow economy in Russia. Teoksessa Anna-Liisa Heusala ja Kaarina Aitamurto (toim.), Migrant workers in Russia: Global challenges of the shadow economy in societal transformation. Abingdon: Routledge, 146–149.
Hoskyns, Catherine ja Rai, Shirin. 2007. Recasting the global political economy: counting women’s unpaid work. New Political Economy, 12:3, 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563460701485268
Ilmakunnas, Johanna 2016. Joutilaat ja ahkerat: Kirjoituksia 1700-luvun Euroopasta. Helsinki: Siltala.
ILO. 2021. ILO global estimates on international migrant workers. Results and methodology. Geneve: International Labour Office. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_808935.pdf [Luettu 1.9.2022]
Interfax. 2020. В отели Москвы заселили 1,5 тыс. медиков, лечащих больных с COVID-19. Interfax, 15.4.2020. https://www.interfax.ru/moscow/704538 [Luettu 12.10.2021]
Interfax. 2021. Средняя зарплата в Москве по итогам 11 месяцев прошлого года превысила 95 тыс. рублей. Interfax, 24.2.2021. https://www.interfax-russia.ru/moscow/main/srednyaya-zarplata-v-moskve-po-itogam-11-mesyacev-proshlogo-goda-prevysila-95-tys-rubley [Luettu 12.10.2021]
IOM (International Organization for Migration). 2015. Migration facts and trends: South-Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Wien: International Organization for Migration. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/migration_facts_and_trends_seeeca.pdf [Luettu 14.11.2021]
IOM. 2019. World migration report 2020. Geneve: International Organization for Migration. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf [Luettu 1.9.2022]
Izvestija. 2020. Первый в мире памятник курьеру установили в Москве. Izvestija, 3.7. 2020. https://iz.ru/1031208/2020-07-03/pervyi-v-mire-pamiatnik-kureru-ustanovili-v-moskve [Luettu 11.11.2021]
Jarrett, Kylie. 2017. Feminism, labour and digital media: the digital housewife. New York: Routledge.
Kalinovsky, Aretmy. 2018. Laboratory of socialist development: Cold war politics and decolonization in Soviet Tajikistan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Kamp, Marianne. 2006. The new woman in Uzbekistan. Islam, modernity, and unveiling under communism. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Kangas, Anni, Krivonos, Daria, Khidjobova, Safina ja Omonillaeva, Zarnigor. Tulossa. Social Reproduction of Post-Soviet Migrant Labour. Antipode.
Kashnitsky, Daniel ja Demintseva, Ekaterina. 2018. “Kyrgyz clinics” in Moscow: Medical centers for Central Asian Migrants. Medical Anthropology, 37:5, 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2017.1417280
Kolářová, Kateřina. 2014. The inarticulate post-Socialist crip: on the cruel optimism of neoliberal transformations in the Czech Republic. Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies, 8:3, 257–274.
Koplatadze, Tamar. 2019. Theorising Russian postcolonial studies. Postcolonial Studies, 22:4, 469–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2019.1690762
Kun.uz. 2022. В Россию въехало рекордное за квартал число мигрантов. Kun.uz, 8.8.2022 https://kun.uz/ru/news/2022/08/08/v-rossiyu-vyexalo-rekordnoye-za-kvartal-chislo-migrantov-31-mln [Luettu 12.8.2022]
Linn, Sarah. 2021. Solicited diary methods with urban refugee women: Ethical and practical considerations. Area, 53:3, 454–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12694
Lowe, Lisa. 2015. The intimacies of four continents. Durham: Duke University Press.
Maailmanpankki. N.d. Personal remittances, received (% of GDP)—Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=KG-TJ [Luettu 1.4.2022]
Meth, Paula. 2003. Entries and omissions: Using solicited diaries in geographical research. Area, 35:2, 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4762.00263
Mezzadri, Alessandra, Newman, Susan ja Stevano, Sara. 2021. Feminist global political economies of work and social reproduction. Review of International Political Economy, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2021.1957977
Mies, Maria. 1994. Patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale. Lontoo: Zed Books.
Moyce, Sally ja Schenker, Marc. 2018. Migrant workers and their occupational health and safety. Annual Review of Public Health, 39:1, 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013714
Mäkinen, Katariina. 2021. Nappikauppaa ja harrastushommia: Digitaalinen kotiäiti ja näkymätön työ. Kulttuurintutkimus, 38:2–3, 68–81.
Norton, John ja Katz, Cindi. 2017. Social reproduction. Teoksessa Douglas Richardson, Noel Castree, Michael F. Goodchild, Audrey Kobayashi, Weidong Liu ja Richard A. Marston (toim.), The international encyclopedia of geography. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Novaja Gazeta. 2019. Славянское гнездо. Novaja Gazeta, 7.8.2019. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/08/07/81525-slavyanskoe-gnezdo [Luettu 12.12.2021]
Pjatin, Aleksandr. 2020. Власти предложили новые меры поддержки бизнеса из-за нерабочих дней. Forbes Russia, 20.10.2021. https://www.forbes.ru/biznes/443511-vlasti-predlozili-novye-mery-podderzki-biznesa-iz-za-nerabocih-dnej [Luettu 13.10.2021]
Power, Marilyn. 2004. Social provisioning as a starting point for feminist economics. Feminist Economics, 10:3, 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354570042000267608
Reeves, Madeleine. 2013. Clean fake: Authenticating documents and persons in migrant Moscow. American Ethnologist, 40:3, 508–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12036
Reeves, Madeleine. 2016. Diplomat, landlord, con-artist, thief. Housing brokers and the mediation of risk in migrant Moscow. The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology, 34:2, 93–109.
Reeves, Madeleine. 2017. Giving, taking, and getting by: Help and indifference in Moscow’s temporary housing market. Teoksessa David Hening ja Nicolette Makovicky (toim.), Economies of favour after socialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 73–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199687411.003.0004
Round, John ja Kuznetsova, Irina. 2016. Necropolitics and the migrant as a political subject of disgust: The precarious everyday of Russia’s labour migrants. Critical Sociology, 42:7–8, 1017–1034. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920516645934
Round, John ja Kuznetsova, Irina. 2021. The struggle for formal work: The everyday experiences of Russia’s Central Asian labour migrants. Teoksessa Rano Turaeva ja Rustamjon Urinboyev (toim.), Labour, mobility and informal practices in Russia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Abingdon: Routledge, 19–35.
Ryazantsev, Sergey V. 2016. The role of labour migration in the development of the economy of the Russian Federation. United Nations: ESCAP. https://repository.unescap.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12870/756/ESCAP-2016-PB-role-labour-migration-development-economy-Russian-Federation-EN.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Luettu 1.9.2022]
Sahadeo, Jeff. 2019. Voices from the Soviet edge: Southern migrants in Leningrad and Moscow. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Sanghera, Balihar ja Satybaldieva, Elmira. 2021. Rentier capitalism and its discontents: Power, morality and resistance in Central Asia. Lontoo: Palgrave Macmillan.
Seddon, Max. 2020. In lockdown, Yandex evolves from Russia’s Google to its Amazon. Financial Times, 11.5.2020. https://www.ft.com/content/ee68326e-7be4-41c5-8180-74e805f1aef1 [Luettu 15.10.2020]
Shah, Alpa ja Lerche, Jens. 2020. Migration and the invisible economies of care: Production, social reproduction and seasonal migrant labour in India. Transactions: Institute of British Geographers, 45:4, 719–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12401
Sharma, Ruchir. 2021. The billionaire boom: How the super-rich soaked up Covid cash. Financial Times, 14.5.2021. https://www.ft.com/content/747a76dd-f018-4d0d-a9f3-4069bf2f5a93 [Luettu 20.4.2022]
Treisman, Daniel. 2016. Russia’s billionaires. The American Economic Review, 106:5, 236–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161068
Trux, Marja-Liisa. 2013. Julmaa optimismia. Aikuiskasvatus, 33:2, 128–130. https://doi.org/10.33336/aik.94034
Tsydenova, Nadezhda. 2020. Russia’s Yandex.Taxi targets continued profitability even as rides plummet. Reuters, 28.4.2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-yandex-idUSKCN22A30R [Luettu 11.11.2021]
Urinboyev, Rustamjon. 2020. Migration and hybrid political regimes: Navigating the legal landscape in Russia. Oakland: University of California Press.
Urinboyev, Rustamjon. 2021. Smartphone transnationalism in non-Western migration regimes. Teoksessa Rano Turaeva ja Rustamjon Urinboyev (toim.), Labour, mobility and informal practices in Russia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Abingdon: Routledge, 89–113.
Virkkunen, Joni ja Fryer, Paul. 2015. Keskiaasialaiset ja Venäjän työmarkkinoiden muutos. Idäntutkimus, 22:2, 49–65.
Julkaistu
Viittaaminen
Numero
Osasto
Lisenssi
Copyright (c) 2022 Anni Kangas
Tämä työ on lisensoitu Creative Commons Nimeä 4.0 Kansainvälinen Julkinen -lisenssillä.