Submissions

Author Guidelines

Specific writing instructions

Abstract

Should comprise only one paragraph. Abstract states concisely why the study was done, how it was carried out, what the results were, what the conclusions are. References to the literature are not permitted in abstract. No subtitles, tables or figures are allowed in the abstract.

Introduction

Should include a brief overview of the subject and the objective of the study.

Material and methods

Includes the technique (laboratory and other), animals, plant material, measured variables, statistics and other relevant information.

Results

Presents only results relevant to the objective of the study.

Tables

Tables containing numerical data should be kept to a minimum, should include only essential information, and should be cross-referenced in the text. Number the tables sequentially in arabic numerals and place the tables within the text. Each table should feature a concise self-explanatory legend (above the table) and abbreviations should be defined directly below the tables. Decimal points should be marked using points (full stop, period), not commas. In the tables the following symbols should be used to indicate significance: *** (P<0.001), ** (P<0.01), *(P<0.05) and 0 (P<0.10). If the result is non- significant leave an empty space. Don’t use NS. Tables should be created with the table tool of a word processor or with Microsoft Excel. (In the end of this document an example for a table). From this article you can find an example of the table https://journal.fi/afs/article/view/60413/24621.

Figures

Should be consecutively numbered in Arabic numerals and placed within the text at the appropriate points with their legends. Legends are placed under the figures. Graphs in Microsoft Excel, EPS or PDF format are recommended. Digital photos should be in JPG format with with 300 dpi resolution or higher. resolution.

Discussion

Explain your interpretation of the data; compare it with previously published results cited in the references.

Conclusions

Explain how the results can be applied in practice.

Acknowledgements

Here you can acknowledge for example technical assistance and funding resources for your research.

References

References

References in the text

References in the text should consist of the name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication. Please note that the name(s) of the author(s) should be written in lower case.

Examples:
Martin et al. (1997) did not find any clear association between milk coagulation properties and sensory properties of cheeses.
First, we can get consistent estimators in the pooled data under fairly general conditions, and pooling the data raises only minor statistical complications (Wooldridge 2000).
Soil compaction has become a problem of major proportions in agriculture today (Soane and Ouwerkerk 1994a) causing reduced yield, economic and environmental damage and poorer soil workability.
Potato A potyvirus (PVA) and potato Y potyvirus (PVY) belong to the large and agriculturally important family Potyviridae (Shukla et al. 1994).
Growth rate needs to be monitored, because the feeding level before puberty can affect mammary development (Sejrsen et al. 1982, Harrison et al. 1983, Niezen et al. 1992, Mäntysaari et al. 1995) and hence the subsequent milk-producing ability of heifers (Little and Kay 1979, Foldager and Sejrsen 1991).
Prochloraz is the most common active ingredient among fungicides used in cereals in Finland (Savela and Hynninen 2004, Plant Production Inspection Centre 2005).

List of references

References should be listed in alphabetical order according to the name of the first author. When no author or agency responsible for a publication is mentioned, the reference should be listed under the title of the work. The name(s) of the author(s) should be written in lower case. Journal titles are written out in full (i.e. cited in unabbreviated form). Please note that titles of  books are written in italics. The following are examples of reference listings.

Order of references

Rinne, M. 2000.
Rinne, M., Hellämäki, M., Nousiainen, J., Aura, E. & Huhtanen, P. 1999b.
Rinne, M. & Huhtanen, P. 2000.
Rinne, M., Jaakkola, S. & Huhtanen, P. 1997.
Rinne, M., Jaakkola, S., Kaustell, K., Heikkilä, T. & Huhtanen, P. 1999a.
Rinne, M., Nykänen, A. & Ahvenjärvi, S. 1996.

Articles in a journal

Bereiter-Hahn, J. & Vöth, M. 1996. Distribution and dynamics of mitochondrial nucleoids in animal cells in culture. Experimental Biology Online 1: 4. Cited 24 June 1996. Updated 18 April 1996. http://science.springer.de/ebo/papers/1996/3-96c/ftc96_3.htm.
Heikkilä, T., Toivonen, V. & Mela, T. 1996. Effects of red clover-grass, grass and annual ryegrass silages with two concentrate protein levels on milk production. Grassland Science in Europe 1: 447–450.
Hiilovaara-Teijo, M., Hannukkala, A., Griffith, M., Yu, X.-M. & Pihakaski-Maunsbach, K. 1999. Snow-mold-induced apoplastic proteins in winter rye leaves lack antifreeze activity. Plant Physiology 121: 665–674.
Rasmussen, M.D., Bjerring, M., Justesen, P. & Jepsen, L. 2002. Milk quality on Danish farms with automatic milking systems. Journal of Dairy Science 85: 2869–2878.

An article in a book

Rajala, A. & Peltonen-Sainio, P. 2000. Manipulating yield potential in cereals by growth regulators. In: Basra, A.S. (ed.). Growth regulators in crop production. Binghamton, New York, USA: Food Products Press. p. 27–70.

A book with one or more authors

ARC 1984. The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock. Supplement No. 1. Technical review by an Agricultural Research Council working party, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK. 45 p.
Møller, J., Thøgersen, R., Kjeldsen, A.M., Weisbjerg, M.R., Søegaard, K., Hvelplund, T. & Børsting, C.F. 2000. Fodermiddeltabel. Sammansætning og foderværdi af fodermidler til kvæg. Rapport 91. Århus: Landbrugets Rådgivningscenter. 52 p.
Varian, H. 1992. Microeconomic analysis. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 506 p.

Conference papers

Kuoppala, K., Ahvenjärvi, S., Rinne, M. & Vanhatalo, A. 2005. NDF digestion in dairy cows fed grass or red clover silages cut at two stages of growth. In: Park, R.S. & Stronge, M.D. (eds.). Silage production and utilisation. Proceedings of the 14th international silage conference, a satellite workshop of the 20th international grassland congress, in July in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 164.
Yli-Halla, M. 1994. Zinc adsorption and increase of plant zinc concentration upon zinc application in mineral soils of Finland. In: Transactions of the 15th World Congress of Soil Science. Acapulco, Mexico. 5b: 395–396.

Note: Use en dash (– longer than hyphen) between page numbers in the reference list.

Other instructions for your document:

Paragraphs should not be numbered. Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the headings. SI units should be used (for example g kg-1 instead of %).

In composite units, negative superscripts should be used instead of a stroke (i.e. “/”). Verify this in the tables and figures as well (e.g. use “3 mg kg-1”, not “3 mg/kg”)

Use no space between a number and its % symbol. (i.e. 30%).

Use a space between a number and its °C symbol (i.e. 30 °C). Also, use the symbol “°” instead the letter “o”.

 Use the following settings in your document:

Font:  Times New Roman

Main text                                         11

Main title                                        14 + bold

First subtitles                                 12 + bold

Second subtitles                            11 + bold + italics

Authors                                           11 (do not include titles, for example Dr., Prof. or similar)

Affiliation                                       11 + italics

Figures, tables                               11

Legends for figures and tables 10; footnotes for tables and figures 9

References                                      10

Line spacing:                                 1.0

Marginals:                                      2.5 cm (all)

Justify:                                            left and right

Headers and footers:                    none

Page numbering:                           no page numbering