Onko Euroopan unionissa syntymässä eurooppalainen sosiaaliturvan malli?

Authors

• Maija Sakslin

Abstract

Reflecting the historical, cultural, religious and institutional differences which exist between the Member States of the European Union, the national systems of social security have each developed their own character. The national social security schemes are based on different principles and differ in the details of their organization and methods of funding. Despite the diversity, social security systems are facing common problems and a common need to adapt to changing circumstances. Because of increasing competition in markets inside and outside the Union, high and rising unemployment, ageing populations, increasing numbers of people requiring long term support and assistance and changes in the structure of households, the financial bases of the social security systems are under pressure. These substantial economic, social and demographic pressures have already led to the convergence of the objectives of social security systems. To a large extent, Member States are free to choose their own legislative approach to coping with these problems, and widely diverging strategies have been adopted. However, some converging trends can be identified. First there have been cuts in benefits and stricter eligibility criteria have been introduced. Second, new methods of funding have been explored. Third, the Member States have adopted a variety of active labour policy measures intended to promote employment and to minimise possible abuse. What has not received much attention, however, is filling the remaining gaps in coverage, for example, the inadequate level of protection of self-employed persons. We may ask whether European integration can have a converging impact on social security systems, even if there is scarcely any binding legislation. Or can we expect the national systems to continue diverging, with decisions concerning social security being made primarily at the national level? Is there a possibility that, through these changes, a uniform model of social security for the European Union is being created?