Paikallisilla vai maailmanlaajuisilla periaatteilla : metsäsertifiointi hallintamallina Suomessa

Författare

• Eero Palmujoki
• Philipp Pattberg

Abstract

This paper explores how forest certification schemes have become more similar over time in terms of their principles and norms. We examine this process by introducing the perspective of universal governance models. These models suggest that certain norms and ideas exist at the global level and are used in adapting the certification principles to the national forest management practices. We argue that certification schemes converge due to agency of industry. The process is facilitated by the existence of universal models which are used by different actors in different circumstances. Two different and sometimes contested models, referred to here as the Westphalian model and the liberal model, can be observed in forest certification. In the concrete norm-setting processes convergence takes place when the certification schemes adapt similar forest management and human rights criteria. The empirical focus of our discussion is the recent standard-setting process within the Finnish FSC and PEFC schemes. We argue that universal governance models are reshaped by political bargaining when they are adapted to national conditions. Therefore the adaptation of these models is not a top-down process, but models are converging and the convergence of the models takes place in two way processes, where local responses mould the universal models.