Digijätit Euroopan unionissa
lobbaus alustakapitalismin aikakaudella
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51810/pt.161344Avainsanat:
alustatalous, alustakapitalismi, lobbaus, Euroopan unioniAbstrakti
Suurten yhdysvaltalaisten ja kiinalaisten teknologiayritysten valta on noussut polttavaksi yhteiskunnalliseksi kysymykseksi samalla, kun Euroopan unioni (EU) on kivunnut globaaliksi edelläkävijäksi teknologia-alan sääntelyssä. Unionin sääntely ja merkittävyys markkina-alueena sekä sen sääntöjen globaali voima ovat kasvattaneet suurten teknologiayritysten kiinnostusta ohjata EU-päätöksentekoa. Tämä artikkeli esittää, että näissä vaikuttamisyrityksissä on ollut kyse näkyvyyden määrällisen kasvun lisäksi merkittävästä laadullisesta muutoksesta, joka kytkeytyy suurten teknologiayritysten merkittäviin valtaresursseihin keskeisten digitaalisten infrastruktuurien ja niihin liittyvien monimutkaisten teknologioiden hallitsijoina. Näiden muutosten siivittämän lobbauksen tehokkuutta on hillinnyt amerikkalaisten digijättien Euroopassa kohtaama uudenlainen kriittisyys ja sen ruokkima digitaalisen suvereniteetin agenda. Ne kehittyivät Brysselissä etenkin vuoden 2018 Cambridge Analytica -skandaalin jälkimainingeissa. Alustakapitalismin puitteissa tapahtuvan lobbauksen ymmärtäminen on välttämätöntä, jotta on mahdollista hahmottaa yhtiövallan 2020-luvun muotoja ja niiden aiheuttamia haasteita EU:lle ja globaalisti. Tutkimustulokset perustuvat 21 haastatteluun EU:n teknologiapolitiikassa aktiivisesti toimivien EU:n toimielimien edustajien eli poliitikkojen, avustajien ja virkamiesten kanssa. Heitä haastateltiin teknologiapolitiikan kehityksestä ja lobbauksesta liittyen erityisesti komission digimarkkinasäädöksen ja digipalvelusäädökseen.
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