In the Rhythm of Nature and the Heart

An Ethnographic Study of the Transformative Meanings of the Shaman Drum

Authors

• Helena Karhu Itä-Suomen yliopisto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30666/elore.125960

Keywords:

shamanism, shaman drum, transformative research, autoethnography, indigenous research agenda

Abstract

The historical evidence available today pertaining to the shaman drums used by the Finnish people is almost non-existent in Finland south of Sápmi. Today, shaman drums are a visible and easily available part of shamanic practice in Finland. Over the past 30 years, the number of shaman drum makers and users has increased, and they have become more visible in society.

Using a transformative research approach, my aim is to interpret the changing, multiple, and empowering meanings that Finnish shaman drums have for their users. The ethnographic methods of this research involve autoethnography, interview, and ethnographic observation. During my autoethnographic period between 2019 and 2022 I made and painted 79 shaman drums, and participated in several drum events, including organising them. In addition to the autoethnographic material, I have interviewed nine drum makers and drummers across Finland. Based on the interviews and autoethnography, I have found common themes relating to shaman drums as an ‘extension of the soul’, as a balancing connection with nature, as a healing instrument, and as a tool for seeking advice and empowering one’s own communication. The use of the shaman drum can enhance one’s sense of ancestral connection to spiritual culture and deepen one’s connection to nature. The drum can be seen as part of both an individual and community empowerment process. Although Finns are not considered an indigenous people, I apply the Indigenous Research Agenda developed by Linda Tuhiwai Smith to outline the process of Finnish shamanism from survival, recovery, and development towards self-determination.

Through the example of shaman drums, we can approach the current developments of Finnish shamanism and understand the change that shows as the increased visibility of shamanistic activity. The increased use of the shaman drum can be seen as an indication of the empowerment of shamanism in Finland.